EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY IN ANIMALS 



Fish 



Fresh salmon contained i-8i ; cod, 2 -00 ; and herring 1-27 mg. of 

 choline per g.,^ whilst trout muscle contained 0-87 and fish meal 3-29 

 mg. per g.i 



ZViiscellaneous 



Fresh milk contained 0-147 mg. per ml., and dried skim milk 

 powder and dried whole milk powder 1-59 and 1-07 mg. per g. respec- 

 tively.^ According to R. W. Engel,^ butter contained no choline, but 

 Willstaedt et al.^ found 0-40 mg. per g. Cheese contained 0-48 ^ and 

 0-56 ^ mg. per g. Egg white contained negligible amounts of choline, 

 but the yolk contained 17-13 mg. per g.^ 



Several different species of edible fungi contained amounts of 

 choline ranging from 0-2 to 0-7 mg. per g.^ 



References to Section 5 



1. R. W. Engel, /. Nutrition, 1943, 26, 441. 



2. D. Glick, Cereal Chem., 1945, 22, 95. 



3. H. Willstaedt, M. Borggard and H. Lieck, Z. Vitaminforsch., 1946, 



18, 25. 



4. J. M. Mclntire, B. S. Schweigert and C. A. Elvehjem, /. Nutrition, 



1944, 28, 219. 



6. EFFECT OF CHOLINE DEFICIENCY IN ANI2VIALS 



Brief reference has already been made (page 582) to the association 

 of choline deficiency with fatty liver formation in rats and with perosis 

 in chicks, and to the fact that methionine and betaine have biological 

 properties similar to those of choline. The reason for the close re- 

 semblance between choline, betaine and methionine is discussed 

 subsequently (page 598). 



Rats 



The symptoms of choline deficiency in the rat were fully described 

 by J. M. Patterson and E. W. McHenry.^ The animals showed loss 

 of weight, paralysis of the hind limbs, loss of hair and a hunched 

 posture. The kidneys were enlarged and haemorrhagic, whilst the 

 livers were slightly larger than those of animals fed adequate amounts 

 of choline, and showed fatty infiltration. The kidneys contained less 

 phospholipins than normal. The renal haemorrhages were prevented 

 by choline, an observation confirmed by R. W. Engel 2 who at the 

 same time noted that the liver fat did not return to normal until 



589 



