APPENDIX 0. 171 



markings on the under surface of tlie Forraosan female 

 will show that some few differences exist, leading, I think, to 

 the inference that the Formosan is the older bird of the 

 two : — On the throat and on the central portion of the jugu- 

 luni the feathers are black, edged with white ; the sides of 

 the jugulum and upper breast are chocolate-brown, but the 

 central portion of the upper breast exhibits alternate trans- 

 verse bands of dark brown and of white, the white bars being 

 so extended as somewhat to encroach upon the lateral area 

 of chocolate-brown ; similarly alternating cross bars of brown 

 and white extend over the remainder of the breast, the abdo- 

 men, the flanks, and the thighs ; on the under tail-coverts 

 the brown bars are imperfect, and much more widely sepa- 

 rated, the white interspaces being in consequence con- 

 siderably larger. 



In the adult Formosan males the patch of chocolate-brown, 

 which in the female just described exists on either side of 

 the jugulum, extends downwards by the side of the breast, 

 and in one specimen by the side of the abdomen also, and 

 considerably contracts the central space occupied by the 

 alternate brown and white bands ; the white cross bars 

 on tlie thighs are also narrower in the males than in the 

 females, and in one male the under tail-coverts are entirely 

 white. 



The larger form chiefly difi'ers, as regards coloration, 

 from the typical A. virgatus (the range of which is decidedly 

 more southern, though both races inhabit the most northerly 

 parts of India') in the bright rufous which usually charac- 

 terizes the under surface of the old males of A. virgatus, 

 being replaced in those of the Northern race by a non-rufous 

 chocolate-brown. 



In size the typicalJ^. virgatus is decidedly the smaller race 

 of the two ; combining measurements of this form recorded 

 by Mr, Sharpe in ' Stray Feathers/ vol. viii. p. 441, by Mr. 



^ Mr. Hume states that tlie larger race " occui's in the Himalayas from 

 Sikkim to Mussoorie," and that " the true virgatus also occurs in this same 

 region, and also further west in the Himalayas." ( Vide * Stray Feathers,' 

 vol. ix. p. 231.) 



