MENTAL LIFE OF MONKEYS AND APES 89 



lations, the only way in which JuHus could obtain the banana 

 was by placing the smaller box upon the larger and then climb- 

 ing upon them. 



At 10 a. m. on March 5, Julius was admitted to the large 

 cage, and the banana was pointed out to him by the experi- 

 menter. He immediately set about tr\^ing to get it, and worked 

 diligently during the whole of the period of observation, which, 

 because of the unfinished condition of some of the cages, was 

 limited to slightly over ten minutes. Within this period he 

 made upward of a dozen fairly well directed attempts to obtain 

 the food. Chief among them were three attempts to reach the 

 banana from different positions on the left wall of the cage 

 (as the experimenter faced the laboratory) ; two attempts to 

 reach it from dift'erent positions on the right wall; two from 

 the large box in positions nearly under the banana; two from the 

 large box with the aid of the experimenter's hand; and one 

 from the distant end of the cagef?). There occurred, also, less 

 definite and easily describable efforts to get at the reward. 



On account of the unfinished condition of the cages, the 

 experimenter had to remain in the large cage with Julius during 

 the test. This interfered with the experiment because the 

 animal tended both to try to escape and to get the experimenter 

 to help him with his task. Particularh^ interesting is the latter 

 sort of behavior. After the orang utan had made two or three 

 futile attempts to obtain the food he came to the experimenter, 

 who was standing in one corner of the cage, took him by the 

 hand, and led him to a point directly under the banana. He 

 then looked up toward the banana, grasped the experimenter's 

 arm, raised it, and then tried to pull himself up. He was not 

 allowed to get the food by climbing up on the experimenter. 

 A few minutes later, he again led the experimenter toward the 

 banana, but receiving discouragement in this activity', he pro- 

 ceeded to devote himself to other methods. 



Apart from the distractions which have been mentioned 

 above, Julius's attention to the food was surprisingly constant. 

 Whatever his position with respect to it, he seemed not for 

 an instant to lose his motive, and to whatever part of the cage 

 he W'Cnt and whatever he did during the interval of observation 

 was evidently guided by the strong desire to obtain the banana. 

 Frequently he would look directly at it for a few seconds and 



