PERSEVERANCE REACTIONS IN PRIMATES AND RODENTS 23 



Type P Reactions. — Table 2 shows that 10 of the 20 girls 

 manifested no Type B reactions, whilst only 2 of the 29 animal 

 subjects — a white rat and a gopher — failed to manifest any of 

 these reactions. The maximum number of Type B reactions 

 for the first 100 trials of individual subjects is found in the 

 records of Monkeys 5 and 16 and Gray Rat 2, each of whom 

 had 9 of these reactions. Baboon 2 had five series of 100 trials 

 each. He had 8 B-reactions in his first series, 3 in his second 

 series, 14 in his third series, 9 in his fourth series and only 4 

 in his fifth series. The girls, black rats, white rats and gophers — 

 3)d< subjects — afford but one case of an individual whose B- 

 reactions are equal to or exceed the average number of B-reac- 

 tions for either the baboon-monkey or gray rat group. This 

 subject. Girl 20, is feeble minded. 



Type C Reactions. — The reactions that are classified under 

 this heading have the essential objective characteristics of a 

 quite definite reaction-type, hence their distribution in the 

 records of individual subjects (table 2) and in the group aver- 

 ages (table 5) is of considerable interest. The findings recorded 

 in table 2 suggest that the tendency toward manifesting C- 

 reactions is an individual rather than a species characteristic, 

 but this is an acceptable interpretation in only a very much 

 qualified sense. It is to be remembered that when an animal 

 seeks to escape from conjinement his reaction to baffled effort is 

 apt to enter as a determinant of his behavior, and that such reac- 

 tion is influenced by various individual traits, particularly by 

 timidity, distractibility and excitability. Whenever any of these 

 traits enters into the situation as a determinant of reaction the 

 subject is apt to make repeated efforts to escape by way of a 

 particular possible outlet or, at least, to return to a previously 

 tried possible outlet before all have been tried. Individual mem- 

 bers of each of the various mammalian species with which I 

 have laboratory familiarity (with the possible exception of 

 gophers) have displayed a clearly instinctive tendency toward 

 C-reactions, hence I believe that this tendency is widely dis- 

 tributed among mammalian species. In my earlier studies (1) 

 one of my dogs had 15 C-reactions in 100 trials. It was mani- 

 fested by one of five cats that were used as subjects — Cat 1 

 of those studies had 5 C-reactions in 100 trials. 



With the exception of the gopher group, each group of sub- 



