4 HARRY H. WYLIE 



work on Animal Education where animals were taken 

 from one problem to another, the results were generally 

 found to be advantageous. 



Whatever advantage, however, is shown by previous 

 training in any of these cases can be explained in part at 

 least by saying that the animal carries over the food seek- 

 ing reaction, that fear and emotional disturbances have 

 been eliminated, and that a definite manner of attacking 

 the problem has carried over. In so far as these factors 

 enter into the new problem positive transfer was shown. 

 Likewise where the responses have some similarities pos- 

 tive effects obtain. But we also find negative effects in 

 varying degrees. In Bogardus' work the negative over- 

 balanced the positive effects. In his work the responses 

 were similar in some respects and different in others. It 

 was attempted however, to make the maze different in 

 but one respect each time a change was made. But upon 

 examination we discover perhaps three important changes 

 which entered in each time: (1) a change in the direc- 

 tion or amount of turning at the critical point, (2) a 

 change in the length of the runway at the critical point, 

 (3) a change in the order of succession of the runways of 

 different lengths at the critical point. Of these perhaps 

 the first would be most important, although the third has 

 been shown by Watson to be very important also. In 

 fact the maze reaction has never been carefully enough 

 analyzed to be used successfully in transfer tests. At 

 least it is too complex to serve for pioneer tests. So our 

 conclusion must be that in none of the experiments men- 

 tioned has there been a careful analysis of situation and 

 response into their various factors and then a careful 

 control and variation of those factors. Both situation 

 and response have been varied in a lump or grossly. This 

 is just the criticism that has been offered on a previous 

 page upon the experiments on the same problem in human 

 psychology 



Thus while the taking over of the problem from the 

 human field into the animal field has secured simplicit}'- 

 in as large a measure as seems possible by the elimination 

 of the central or subjective factors, yet there is still too 



