16 



INTRODUCTICN TO PARASITOLOGY 



It is often discouraging to students 

 and scientists alike to see the many 

 changes in scientific names which continue 

 to be made. These, however, appear to 

 be inevitable. As new knowledge is 

 gained, some species must be split up, 

 others recombined and still others shifted 

 from one genus to another. It is some- 

 times found that a name which has been 

 long used and accepted must be dropped 

 in favor of an unfamiliar one, either be- 

 cause it had been used first for some other 

 species or because the less familiar name 

 had been given earlier but overlooked. 



Another reason for these changes lies 

 in human nature itself. No satisfactory 

 criteria have ever been established for 

 the definition of species, and some taxo- 

 nomists go into finer differences than 

 others in separating them. 



The taxonomists' difficulties arise 

 because what they are dealing with are 

 individual organisms, and all taxonomic 

 schemes are the result of man's attempts 

 to arrange these individuals in a system 

 which shows their relationships. All 

 taxa, whether species, subspecies, gen- 

 era, families or whatnot, are products 

 of this abstraction process and have no 

 real existence outside the human mind. 

 Many taxonomists, however, refuse to 

 accept this idea, believing that species 

 are real and external, and that their task 

 is simply to discover and differentiate 

 them. It is easy to understand why they 

 do not like to believe that they are devot- 

 ing their lives to figments of the imagin- 

 ation. 



Without the labors of the systema- 

 tists we should be in a state of hopeless 

 confusion. Their scientific names and 

 their taxonomic schemes are absolutely 

 necessary if we are to carry out repro- 

 ducible experimental work or understand 

 practically all biological phenomena. 



Becker, E. R. and L. Smith. 1942. Iowa St. Col. ). Sci. 



16:443-449. 

 von Brand, T. 1952. Chemical physiology of endoparasitic 



animals. Academic Press, New York. 

 Buchner, P. 1953. Endosymbiose der Tiere mit pflanzlichen 



Mikroorganismen. Birkhauser, Basel/Stuttgart. 

 Cameron, T. W. M. 1935. Proc. 12th Intern. Vet. Congr. 



3:44-62. 

 Culbeitson, J. T. 1941. Immunity against animal parasites. 



Columbia Univ. Press, New York. 

 Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda. Cambridge Univ. Press, 



Cambridge, England. 

 Elton, C. 1935. Animal ecology. Macmillan, New York. 

 Gamham, P. C. C. 1958. ]. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:92-94. 

 Gordon, H. M. 1957. Adv. Vet. Sci. 3:287-351. 

 Hoare, C. A. 1955. Refuah Vet. 12:258-263. 

 Howie, J. W. and A. ]. O'Hea, eds. 1955. Mechanisms 



of microbial pathogenicity. Fifth symposium of the 



Society for General Microbiology held at the Royal In- 

 stitution, London, April 1955. Cambridge Univ. Press, 



Cambridge, England. 

 Jaeger, E. C. 1955. A source -book of biological names 



and terms. 3rd ed. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 

 Kelley, G. W. and L. J. Smith. 1956. J. Pamsit. 42:587. 

 Koch. A. 1956. Exper. Parasit. 5:481-518. 

 Levine, N. D. 1959(1958). System. Zool. 7:134-135. 

 Longhuret, W. M. and ]. R. Douglas. 1953. Trans. N. Am. 



Wildlife Conf. 18:168-187. 

 Muller, S. W. and A. Campbell. 1954. Syst. Zool. 



3:168-170. 

 Pavlovsky, Y. N. 1957. Natural nidality of disease in re- 

 lation to the ecology of the zoonoses. WHO Regional 



office for Europe, Seminar on Veterinary Public Health. 



EURO-85. 2/20 Rev. 1, pp. 30. 

 Read, C. P., Jr. 1950. Rice Inst. Pamph. 37(2):l-94. 

 Schwartz, B. et al. 1955. Proc. U. S. Livestock San. 



Assoc. 58:303-308. 

 Stewart, M. A., R. F. Miller and J. R. Douglas. 1937. 



J. Ag. Res. 55:923-930. 

 Taliaferro, W. H. 1929. The immunology of parasitic 



infections. Century, New York. 

 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1954. Losses in agriculture. 



A preliminary appraisal for review. USDA Agr. Res. 



Serv. ARS-20-1, Washington, D. C. 

 Wardle, R. A. and J. A. McLeod. 1952. The zoology of 



tapeworms. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 

 Whitlock, J. H. 1955. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 



92:123-131. 

 Whitlock, J. H. 1958. Cornell Vet. 48:127-133. 

 World Health Organization. 1959. Joint WHO/FAO Expert 



Committee on Zoonoses. Second Report. Tech. Rep. 



Ser. No. 169, Geneva, pp. 83. 



GENERAL REFERENCES 



CHAPTER REFERENCES 



Ackert, J. E. , S. A. Edgar and L. P. Frick. 1939. Trans. 



Am. Micr. Soc. 58:81-89. 

 Ackert, J. E. , L. L. Eisenbrondt, J. H. Willmoth, B. 



Glading and I. Pratt. 1935. J. Agr. Res. 50:607-624. 

 Becker, E. R. 1953. J. Parasit. 39:467-480. 

 Becker, E. R. 1956. Iowa St. Col. J. Sci. 31:85-139. 



The following general references are a supple- 

 ment to the chapter references given above, 

 some of which are also general in nature. 



Antipin, D. N. , V. S. Ershov, N. A. Zolotarev and V. A. 

 Salycev. 1959. Parasitologiya i invazionnye bolezni 

 sel'skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotniykh. 2nd ed. Gos. hdat. 

 Sel'skokh. Liter. , Moscow. 



