80 



HISTOMONAS 



old enough to move onto range, they should 

 be placed on clean ground where neither 

 turkeys nor chickens have been kept for 2 

 years. The length of time infective cecal 

 worm eggs survive in the soil depends upon 

 soil type, weather and amount of cover 

 provided by vegetation. They will survive 

 only a few weeks on barren soils in warm, 

 dry regions, but may remain alive for 

 several years in heavy soils in moist cli- 

 mates. 



roughage. The medicated ration is given 

 for 5 to 7 days, the regular ration is fed 

 for about 15 days, the medicated ration is 

 then given again and alternated as before 

 with regular feed until about 3 weeks be- 

 fore the birds are to be marketed. Pheno- 

 thiazine should not be fed during these 3 

 weeks. 



LITERATURE CITED 



The range should be rotated at regular 

 intervals. Different farmers use different 

 intervals. Many of them move the birds 

 along every week, not returning to the 

 same place during the same season. An- 

 other rotation system which has been rec- 

 ommended is to move the birds thru a 

 series of 4 lots, allowing them to remain 

 on each for a month. The frequency of ro- 

 tation depends on the climate. In cool, 

 damp climates the birds should be moved 

 at least every 10 days, but in hot, dry 

 climates they need be moved less frequent- 

 ly, and it is even possible to raise turkeys 

 successfully without changing the range if 

 the area around the feeders, waterers, 

 roosts and shelters is kept dry. 



Low areas and streams that drain 

 poultry yards should be fenced off. 



The feeders and waterers should be 

 placed on wire platforms. Most of the 

 droppings are deposited around them, and 

 this practice keeps the turkeys from getting 

 at them. Wire should also be used beneath 

 roosts and in shelters to keep the birds 

 from their droppings. 



Treating the birds with phenothiazine 

 to prevent histomonosis by killing the 

 cecal worms has been suggested. It is in- 

 effective in controlling active outbreaks, 

 but may help prevent future ones. Pheno- 

 thiazine kills the cecal worms, but does 

 not prevent their eggs from hatching and 

 releasing the histomonads (Wehr and 

 Olivier, 1946). 



To eliminate Heterakis, 0. 5% pheno- 

 thiazine is mixed with the feed if the birds 

 are not getting roughage, and 1.0% if they 

 are on good range or getting supplementary 



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