THE TRICHOMONADS 



89 



including Bartlett (1948), Bartlett, Moist 

 and Spurrell (1953), Mahoney, Christen- 

 sen and Steere (1954), Thorne, Shupe and 

 Miner (1955), Gabel et al. (1956) and 

 Brodie (1960). Treatment is expensive, 

 tedious and time-consuming; unless a bull 

 is exceptionally valuable, it is best to sell 

 it. Bartlett (1948) found that the German 

 proprietary preparation, Bovoflavin-Salbe, 

 cured 7 out of 8 infected bulls, and later 

 workers have confirmed its effectiveness. 

 This salve, which contains trypaflavine 

 and surfen in an ointment base, is rubbed 

 into the penis and prepuce following pu- 

 dendal nerve block or relaxation of the re- 

 tractor penis muscles with a tranquilizer. 

 Brodie (1960) injected 200 to 1000 mg 

 promazine hydrochloride intravenously 

 for the latter purpose, and found that its 

 ease of administration and quieting effect 

 made it preferable to nerve block. 



Massage is continued for 15 to 20 

 minutes, using 120 ml of the ointment. 

 In addition, 30 ml of 1% acriflavine solu- 

 tion is injected into the urethra. Repeated 

 treatment may be necessary. If the epid- 

 idymis or testis are affected, this treat- 

 ment will be ineffective. 



For reasons which have not been de- 

 termined, American bulls are much more 

 refractory to treatment and much more 

 difficult to infect experimentally than 

 European bulls. Treatment with silver 

 nitrate or by injecting 10 1 of 3% hydrogen 

 peroxide into the preputial cavity under 

 pressure with the apparatus described by 

 Hess (1949), which is successful in Ger- 

 many and Switzerland (Jondet and Guilhon, 

 1957), has been found unsatisfactory in 

 the United States. 



Control : Control of bovine tricho- 

 monosis depends on proper herd manage- 

 ment. Most infected bulls should be 

 slaughtered. Infected cows should be 

 given breeding rest, and should then be 

 bred by artificial insemination to avoid 

 infecting clean bulls. 



Proper management of bulls used for 

 artificial insemination is especially im- 

 portant, since they may spread the infec- 

 tion widely. They should be examined for 



T. foetus before purchase, and the herds 

 from which they originated should be stud- 

 ied at the same time. In addition, they 

 should be examined repeatedly while in use 

 (Bartlett, Moist and Spurrell, 1953). 

 Freezing the semen in the presence of glyc- 

 erol cannot be expected to kill the trich- 

 omonads. 



TRITRICHOMONAS SUIS 

 (GRUBY AND DELAFOND, 1843) 



Synonym: Trichomonas suis Gruby 

 and Delafond, 1843. 



Common Name : Large pig tricho- 

 monad, pig nasal trichomonad. 



Disease : None . 



Hosts : Pig. 



Location : Nasal passages, stomach, 

 cecum, colon, occasionally small intestine. 



Geographic Distribution : Worldwide. 



Prevalence : Switzer (1951) found 

 this species in the nasal passages of 80% 

 of swine affected with atrophic rhinitis and 

 in only 3% of nonrhinitic pigs in Iowa. 

 Shuman et al. (1953) found it in 27% of 36 

 pigs with atrophic rhinitis and in 17% of 32 

 unaffected pigs in a herd near Washington, 

 D. C. Levine, Marquardt and Beamer 

 (1954) found it in 91% of 11 pigs with atro- 

 phic rhinitis and in 39% of 23 pigs with 

 normal nasal passages in Illinois. Ham- 

 mond, Fitzgerald and Johnson (1957) found 

 it in the nasal passages of 56% of 64 pigs 

 from Utah, Nebraska and Idaho. Hibler 

 et al. (1960) found it in the nasal passages 

 of 55% of 100 pigs, the stomach of 8% of 

 512, the cecum of 43% of 496 and the small 

 intestine of 3% of 100 pigs in Utah. 



Morphology : This species was des- 

 cribed in detail by Hibler et al. (1960), 

 Marquardt (1954) and Buttrey (1956); the 

 latter described it under the name Tri- 

 tricfiomonas sp. from the nasal passages. 

 T. suis is characteristically elongate or 

 spindle-shaped, occasionally piriform or 

 rotund, 9 to 16 by 2 to 6ju,, with a mean of 



