218 



THE TELOSPORASIDA AND THE COCCIDIA PROPER 



Peterson and Hymas, 1950). Newberne 

 and McEuen (1957) found that 0. 05 to 0. 1% 

 of nitrofurazone in the feed produced 

 stunted growth, curled-toe paralysis, 

 clinical polyneuritis, atrophy of the fol- 

 licles of the bursa of Fabricius, renal 

 tubular degeneration and pulmonary ossifi- 

 cation in young chicks. The blood picture 

 remained essentially normal. McLoughlin 

 and Chester (1959) found that 0.0055'f 

 nitrofurazone was less effective than gly- 

 carbylamide or nicarbazin but more effec- 

 tive than 0.0125"( sulfaquinoxaline against 

 E. tenella. 



Another nitrofuran coccidiostat, Bi- 

 furan, was introduced quite recently. It 

 is a mixture of nitrofurazone and furazo- 

 lidone (NF 180, or N-(5-nitro-2-furfury- 

 lidene)-3-amino-2-oxazolidone). The 

 final concentrations in the feed are 0.0055% 

 nitrofurazone and 0.0008% furazolidone. 

 McLoughlin and Chester (1959) found that 

 it was less effective than glycarbylamide 

 and nicarbazin, about as effective as nitro- 

 furazone and more effective than sulfa- 

 quinoxaline against E. tenella infections 

 in chicks. Horton-Smith and Long (1959) 

 found that it was effective against E. 

 necatrix when fed at double the above level. 

 Kantor and Levine (unpublished) found that 

 furazolidone by itself was valueless against 

 E. necatrix. 



Both nitrofurazone and furazolidone 

 are also antibacterial agents. Furazoli- 

 done is used against Salnionella infections 

 in poultry, and also has some effect 

 against Histomonas meleagridis (Harwood 

 and Stun z, 1954) and T)'icho»ioiias gal- 

 linae (Stabler, 1957). 



The anticoccidial properties of sub- 

 stituted carbanilide complexes were dis- 

 covered by Cuckler et at. (1955). They 

 introduced nicarbazin, which is an equi- 

 molar complex between 4, 4'-dinitrocar- 

 banilide and 2-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethylpyri- 

 midine. A simple mixture is no better 

 than the carbanilide alone. Nicarbazin is 

 fed at a concentration of 0.01 to 0.0125% 

 in the feed, or 0. 008%) in replacement 

 flocks. It is effective against E. tenella, 

 E. acerviilina and E. necatrix (Cuckler, 

 Malanga and Ott, 1956; Rubin et al. , 1956; 



Cuckler, Ott and Fogg, 1957; Horton-Smith 

 and Long, 1959). McLoughlin and Chester 

 (1959) found that nicarbazin was about as 

 effective as glycarbylamide against E. 

 tenella, and more effective than nitrofura- 

 zone, Bifuran, sulfaquinoxaline or Trith- 

 iadol. 



Nicarbazin is coccidiostatic, and will 

 not cure coccidiosis once signs of the dis- 

 ease have appeared. It acts against the 

 second generation schizonts and their 

 merozoites (Cuckler and Malanga, 1956), 

 and birds which are infected while receiv- 

 ing the drug develop immunity to reinfec- 

 tion (Cuckler and Malanga, 1956; Marthe- 

 dal and Veiling, 1957; McLoughlin, Rubin 

 and Cordray, 1957, 1958). 



Nicarbazin is not recommended for 

 laying hens. When fed at the recommended 

 level, it makes the egg shells pale (Mc- 

 Loughlin, Wehr and Rubin, 1957). At 

 higher levels the yolks become mottled, 

 blotchy, enlarged and sometimes even 

 brown, the whites may become cloudy, 

 hatchability is affected, and production 

 may be reduced (Snyder, 1956; Sherwood, 

 Milby and Higgins, 1956; Baker et al. , 

 1956; Lucas, 1958). 



Other pyrimidine derivatives besides 

 the one in nicarbazine may have a syner- 

 gistic effect on sulfonamide coccidiostats. 

 Lux (1954) found that pyrimethamine 

 (Daraprim; 2, 4-diamino-5-p-chlorophenyl- 

 6-ethyl pyrimidine), which is a powerful 

 antimalarial drug, acted synergistically 

 with sulfanilamide and other sulfonamides 

 against E. tenella. Joyner and Kendall 

 (1955) found that as little as 0.0025% pyri- 

 methamine allowed the effective concen- 

 tration of sulfamethazine against E. tenella 

 to be reduced to 1 8 to 1 16 of that nor- 

 mally required for protection. Marthedal 

 and Veiling (1957) found that pyrimetha- 

 mine acted synergistically with two other 

 sulfonamides, sulfabenzpyrazine and sul- 

 fadimidine, against E. tenella. 



Most recently, a quaternized deriva- 

 tive of pyrimidine, amprolium, has been 

 introduced. This compound is l-(2-«- 

 propyl-4-amino-5-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2- 

 methylpyridinium chloride hydrochloride. 



