230 



THE TELOSPORASIDA AND THE COCCIDIA PROPER 



(E. innociia, E. subyolunda a.nd E. niele- 

 agridis in particular) are non- pathogenic 

 or nearly so, they must be differentiated 

 from the pathogenic E. nieleagriiuUis 

 and E. adenoeides. The sporulated oocysts 

 of both the latter have polar bodies, which 

 differentiates them from all but E. Diele- 

 agridis and E. gallopavonis . The oocysts 

 of E. »ielecigyi»iilis are ellipsoidal, but 

 apparently only pathogenesis and absence 

 of cross-immunity differentiates E. 

 adenoeides from the other two. This last 

 is hardly a practical diagnostic test, since 

 it requires a colony of turkeys immunized 

 against the various species. 



Treatment : The sulfonamides are 

 effective against a number of the turkey 

 coccidia. Morehouse (1949a) found that 

 only one of 6 sulfonamides was ineffective 

 against E. nieleagridis. Peterson (1949a) 

 found that several sulfonamides were ef- 

 fective against E. nieleagriniitis. Moore 

 (1949) found that 0.031% sulfaquinoxaline, 

 1% sulfaguanidine or 0. 5% sulfamerazine 

 in the feed was effective against turkey 

 coccidiosis. Wilson (1951) reported that 

 0. 06% sodium sulfaquinoxaline in the 

 drinking water stopped losses from E. 

 nieleagridis and E. Dieleagriniltis in a 

 natural outbreak. (Their cultures oiE. 

 nieleagridis may have contained E. 

 adenoeides, a species which had not yet 

 been named at the time. ) Boyer and 

 Brown (1953) found that 0.0175% acetyl- 

 sulfaquinoxaline in the feed or 1-1000 to 

 1-2000 sulfamethazine in the water was 

 effective against E. adenoeides, E. gal- 

 lopavonis, E. meleagridis, E. innocua, 

 E. subrotunda, E. dispersa andE. mele- 

 agrimitis. Horton-Smith and Long (1959) 

 found that 0.0125% sulfaquinoxaline in the 

 feed was effective against E. nieleagri- 

 mitis. 



Other coccidiostats used in treating 

 chickens have not been found so useful in 

 turkeys. Morehouse (1949) found that 

 sodium 4-chlorophenyl arsonate was the 

 most effective of 10 organic arsenic com- 

 pounds to be tested against E. meleagri- 

 dis, but that its effective dose was too 

 close to the toxic one. Another organic 

 arsenic compound, 3-nitro-4-hydroxy- 

 phenyl arsonic acid was of less value. 



Boyer and Brown (1953) found that 

 nitrophenide, 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole, 

 sulfisoxazole, nitrofurazone and furoxone 

 were not effective coccidiostatic agents in 

 the turkey. Cuckler et at. (1955) reported 

 that nicarbazin was effective against E. 

 galloparonis and E. nteleagrimitis, but 

 Horton-Smith and Long (1959) found that 

 it was ineffective against £. nieleagrimilis 

 and in addition found that nitrofurazone and 

 glycarbylamide were also ineffective 

 against this species. 



Prevention and Control : The same 

 measures should be used for the prevention 

 and control of coccidiosis in turkeys as in 

 chickens. 



EIMERIA TRUNCATA 

 (RAILLIET AND LUCET, 1891) 

 WASIELEWSKI, 1904 



Synonym : Coccidium truncatum. 



Hosts: Domestic goose, greylag 

 goose {Anser anser), Ross's goose {A. 

 rossi), Canada goose {Branta ca>iadensis) 

 (see Levine, 1953; Hanson, Levine and 

 Ivens, 1957). In addition to these, Pavlov 

 (1942) reported finding E. truncata in 

 domestic ducks in Bulgaria, and Christian- 

 sen (1948, 1952) found oocysts resembling 

 E. truncata but smaller in the kidneys of 

 young swans {Cygniis olor) and common 

 eiders [Soniateria niollissima) in Denmark. 



Location : Kidneys. 



Geographic Distribution : Worldwide. 



Prevalence : Relatively uncommon in 

 domestic geese, at least in North America. 



Morphology : This species has been 

 described by Kotlan (1933) and Lerche 

 (1923) among others. The oocysts are 

 ovoid, with a narrow, truncate, small 

 end, and measure 14 to 27 by 12 to 22 fi. 

 The oocyst wall is smooth and delicate, 

 shrinking quickly during concentration in 

 hypertonic solutions. A micropyle with a 

 polar cap is present. An oocyst residuum 

 is sometimes present. A sporocyst resi- 

 duum is present. The sporulation time is 

 1 to 5 days. 



