280 



PLASMODIUM, HAEMOPROTEUS AND LEUCOCYTOZOON 



tracheal rales, and cough and repeatedly 

 try to clear their throats when disturbed. 

 They may die suddenly under stress caused 

 by undue excitement or handling. 



The spleen and liver of affected birds 

 are enlarged, and the duodenum is more 

 or less inflamed. This enteritis may 

 sometimes extend thruout the small intes- 

 tine. The birds are anemic and emaciated, 

 their flesh is flabby, and their muscles 

 may be brownish. There are no gross 

 lesions in adult carriers, but the liver may 

 occasionally be icteric, enlarged and cir- 

 rhotic. Newberne (1955) saw no local tis- 

 sue reaction around the hepatic schizonts, 

 but noted hepatic hemosiderosis and lymph- 

 ocytic infiltration. 



According to Johnson et al. (1938), 

 death is due to obstruction of the circula- 

 tory system by large numbers of parasites. 



Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and 

 Control: Same as for L. sinwndi. 



LEUCOCYTOZOON CAULLERYI 

 MATfflS AND LEGER, 1909 



Synonyms : Leucocytozoon andrewsi 

 Atchley, 1951; Leucocytozoon schueffneri 

 Prowazek, 1912 pro parte. 



Hosts : Chicken. 



Location: The gametocytes are in 

 the leucocytes and erythrocytes. 



Geographic Distribution : Indochina, 

 Malaya, India, Sumatra, North America 

 (South Carolina). 



Prevalence : This species is rela- 

 tively uncommon except perhaps in Malaya. 

 Atchley (1951) found it in 15% of 400 adult 

 domestic chickens in South Carolina, but 

 his is the only report of it in North Amer- 

 ica. It has been found in Indochina by 

 Mathis and Leger (1909), in Sumatra by 

 Prowazek (1912), in Malaya by Kuppusamy 

 (1936), and in India by Ramanujachari and 



Alwar (1953), Ramaswami (1955), and 

 Biswal and Naik (1958). In addition, Ham- 

 erton (1929) reported a Leucocytozoon 

 without describing it from a domestic 

 chicken and a jungle fowl {Callus lajayettei) 

 in the London zoo. 



Morphology : The mature gametocytes 

 are round, measuring 15. 5 by 15. O/i ac- 

 cording to Mathis and Leger (1909). Ac- 

 cording to Atchley (1951) the macroga- 

 metes are 12 to 14 |j. in diameter with a 

 nucleus generally 3 to 4fi in diameter, and 

 the microgametocytes are 10 to 12 fi in 

 diameter with a nucleus 10 to 12 fj. in diam- 

 eter occupying most of the cell. The host 

 cell is round, about 20 ji in diameter ac- 

 cording to Mathis and Leger and 13 to 11 \x 

 in diameter according to Atchley. The 

 host cell nucleus forms a narrow, dark 

 band extending about a third of the way 

 around the parasite. The macrogametes 

 stain more darkly with Romanowsky stains 

 than the microgametocytes. 



Life Cycle : Unknown. Atchley (1951) 

 described exflagellation of the microga- 

 metocytes, and figured one with what ap- 

 peared to be 6 microgametes. 



Pathogenesis : This species is pre- 

 sumably pathogenic, but accounts of it have 

 been so mixed up with those of L. sabrazesi 

 (see below) that its pathogenicity is uncer- 

 tain. 



Remarks : Another species of Leuco- 

 cytozoon, L. sabrazesi, with elongate 

 gametocytes, has been described from the 

 chicken. There has been a good deal of 

 uncertainty as to whether L. caulleryi 

 may not be merely an immature stage of 

 L. sabrazesi. Many of the infections 

 which have been seen have been mixed 

 ones. However, Mathis and Leger, who 

 first described both species, found pure 

 infections of each, and Atchley found only 

 round forms in the 61 infected chickens 

 which he studied, some of which he kept 

 under observation for a year. In addition, 

 Atchley' s observation of exflagellation 

 leaves no doubt that the round forms are 

 mature. 



