THE PIROPLASIvL\SIDA 



311 



The lymph nodes are often but not 

 always swollen; the spleen is often much 

 enlarged. The liver is usually enlarged. 

 Infarcts are usually present in the kidneys. 

 The lungs are usually edematous, and 

 characteristic ulcers are present in the 

 abomasum and often in the small and large 

 intestines. 



by serial passage in tick-free cattle. 

 Animals are vaccinated by subcutaneous 

 injection of 5 to 10 ml of citrated blood 

 collected at the height of the febrile re- 

 action. The blood should be used within 

 3 days after collection. The mortality 

 following vaccination is usually less than 

 5%. 



Mixed infections with Babesia and/or 

 Aiiaplasma are not uncommon; the result- 

 ant signs and lesions are then due to a 

 combination of diseases and may differ 

 from those described above. 



Immunity : Animals which recover 

 from G. aiiindata infections are premu- 

 nized. There is no cross-immunity he- 

 tvfeen G. annitlata, G. inutaiis and T. 

 parva. 



Diagnosis : This is based upon find- 

 ing and identifying the parasites in the 

 erythrocytes in stained blood smears or 

 in stained smears made from the lymph 

 nodes or spleen. As mentioned under T. 

 parva, differential diagnosis between 

 theileriosis and the gonderioses is not 

 always easy. 



Cultivation : Tsur-Tchernomoretz 

 (1945) cultivated the Koch bodies of G. 

 anmdata in ox tissue cultures thru 10 

 subcultures over a period of 2 months. 

 Brocklesby and Hawking (1958) grew G. 

 a)imilata in tissue culture for over 59 days, 

 and the cultures were infective for cattle 

 when tested after 42 days. 



Treatment : No reliable drug is 

 known for the treatment of tropical gon- 

 deriosis (Neitz, 1959). 



Prevention and Control : Tick control 

 by regular, repeated dipping is the most 

 important control measure. Quarantine 

 measures, particularly with respect to 

 importation of livestock from endemic 

 areas into regions where suitable tick 

 vectors exist, are also of great importance. 



Immunization with a strain of low 

 virulence has been used with success in 

 North Africa and Israel (Sergent et al. , 

 1945). The vaccine strain is maintained 



GONDERIA MUTANS 

 (THEILER, 1906) 



Synonyms : Piroplasnia mutans, 

 Theileria mutans, Theileria buffeli, 

 Theileria orientalis. 



Disease : Benign bovine gonderiosis, 

 benign bovine theileriosis, Tzaneen dis- 

 ease, Marico calf disease, mild gallsick- 

 ness. 



Hosts : Ox, zebu. The water buffalo 

 and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) can 

 be infected experimentally but without 

 causing death. 



Location : Lymphocytes, erythro- 

 cytes. 



Geographic Distribution : Africa, 

 Asia, southern Europe, England, USSR, 

 Australia, North America. 



Prevalence : G. muta)is is endemic 

 thruout Africa, in the great part of Asia, 

 and in many areas of the USSR and south- 

 ern Europe. It has been reported by 

 Splitter (1950) in Kansas. 



Morphology : The forms in the ery- 

 throcytes are round, oval, piriform, 

 comma-shaped or anaplasma-like. About 

 55% are round or oval. The round forms 

 are 1 to 2|m in diameter and the oval ones 

 about 1. 5 by 0. 6;i . Binary and quadruple 

 fission occur in the erythrocytes. 



There are relatively few Koch bodies 

 in the lymphocytes of the spleen and 

 lymph nodes or free in these organs. They 

 average 8ju, in diameter but may range up 

 to 20 (Lt. They contain 1 to 80 chromatin 

 granules from 1 to 2|n in diameter, and 

 are practically all of the macroschizont 



