328 



SARCOCYSTIS, TOXOPLASMA AND RELATED PROTOZOA 



a titer of 1:64 or above, and isolated 

 Toxoplasma by mouse inoculation from 1 

 out of 129 of them. By inoculation of 

 mice with peptic digests of diaphragm 

 samples, Jacobs, Remington and Melton 

 (1960a) found Tuxoplas)iia infection in 

 24% of 50 pigs from a Baltimore slaughter- 

 house. 



Toxoplasmosis was first reported 

 from sheep by Olafson and Monlux (1942) 

 in New York. It was later found in sheep 

 in Australia by Wickham and Carne (1950) 

 and Osborne (1959), in Ohio by Cole el al. 

 (1954) in New Zealand by Hartley and 

 Marshall (1957), and in England by Bever- 

 ley and Watson (1959). It was associated 

 with abortions and perinatal mortality in 

 the last 4 reports; indeed. Hartley and 

 Marshall considered toxoplasmosis to be 

 the most wide -spread and probably the 

 most important cause of ovine perinatal 

 mortality in New Zealand. It may be im- 

 portant in England, too; Beverley and 

 Watson (1959) found it in 6 of 39 aborted 

 lambs from a number of flocks in that 

 country, and found dye test titers of 

 1:128 or above in 43 of 549 ewes from 93 

 flocks, including 22 of 158 ewes which 

 had aborted from causes other than viral 

 or bacterial. 



Feldman and MiUer (1956a) found that 

 5% of 66 sheep from Arizona, 56% of 9 

 sheep from Kentucky and 43% of 65 goats 

 from New York were positive to the dye 

 test for ToxoplasDia. De Roever-Bonnet 

 (1957) found that 35% of 23 sheep from an 

 Amsterdam slaughterhouse were positive 

 to the dye test at a titer above 1:100. He 

 also (1957a) isolated Toxoplasma by mouse 

 inoculation from the brains of 4 out of 30 

 slaughtered sheep picked at random. Rawal 

 (1959) found that 3 of 100 sheep sera from 

 a Sheffield, England slaughterhouse were 

 positive to the dye test at a titer of 1:64 

 or above. He found Tuxoplas»ia by mouse 

 inoculation in the brains of 6 out of 21 

 sheep whose sera had reacted to the dye 

 test at a titer of 1:4 or above. Jacobs, 

 Remington and Melton (1960a) found Toxo- 

 plas))ia infection in 9% of 86 sheep from 

 a Baltimore slaughterhouse. 



Sanger ei al. (1953) found Toxo- 

 plasma in 4 herds of cattle in Ohio. 



Miller and Feldman (1953) and Feldman 

 and Miller (1956) found that 19% of 132 

 cattle from New York were positive to the 

 dye test. De Roever-Bonnet (1957) found 

 that 6% of 31 cattle from an Amsterdam 

 slaughter house were positive to the dye 

 test at a titer above 1:100. Jacobs, Rem- 

 ington and Melton (1960a) found Toxo- 

 plasDia infection in 2% of 60 beef cattle 

 from a Baltimore slaughterhouse. 



Toxoplasma has been found in lago- 

 morphs not infrequently. Perrin (1943) 

 found it in a laboratory rabbit in Bethesda 

 Md., Christiansen (1948) found it in 8.75% 

 of 2411 hares in Denmark, Lainson (1955) 

 found it in the brains of 5% of 113 domestic 

 rabbits in England, and Orio el al. (1959) 

 isolated it from 57% of 14 rabbits from 

 Brazzaville, Middle Congo, either from 

 the Pasteur Institute animal colony there 

 or from the environs of the city itself. 

 Miller and Feldman (1953) found that 5% 

 of 22 laboratory rabbits were positive to 

 the dye test, and Morris, Aulisio and 

 McCown (1956) found that 19% of 107 

 cottontails from the Middle Atlantic states 

 were positive to the same test. 



Toxoplasma has been found several 

 times in guinea pigs. Among others, 

 Mariani (1941) found it in guinea pigs sent 

 from Italy to Ethiopia. De Rodaniche 

 (1949) found it in guinea pigs purchased in 

 the suburbs of the city of Panama. Varela, 

 Martinez and Trevino (1953) found it in a 

 guinea pig in Mexico. Orio et al. (1959) 

 found it in 23% of 31 adult guinea pigs in 

 the Pasteur Institute animal colony at 

 Brazzaville, Middle Congo. Miller and 

 Feldman (1953) found that 27% of 51 lab- 

 oratory guinea pigs in the U.S. were pos- 

 itive to the dye test. Makstenieks and 

 Verlinde (1957) found that 33% of 174 

 guinea pigs from animal dealers in the 

 Netherlands were positive to the dye test 

 at a titer of 1:64 or above. 



Toxoplasma was found by mouse or 

 guinea pig inoculation of brain tissue in 

 over 3% of the wild Norway rats in Mem- 

 phis by Eyles (1952). He also found that 

 the dye test was positive in 20% of 100 

 rats, but observed no correlation between 

 the dye test and the results of tissue inocu- 

 lation. Lainson (1957) found Toxoplasma 



