374 



THE CILIA TES 



intestinal contents or by histologic exam- 

 ination of intestinal lesions. 



Cultivation : B. coli was first cul- 

 tivated by Barret and Yarbrough (1922) in 

 a medium consisting of 1 part inactivated 

 serum and 16 parts of 0. 5% sodium chlor- 

 ide solution. It has since been cultivated 

 by many workers. Schumaker (1931) and 

 Levine (1940) used a medium consisting 

 of 9 parts of Ringer's solution and 1 part 

 of horse serum plus about 0.007 g rice 

 starch per tube containing 10 ml of the 

 medium. Tempelis and Lysenko (1957) 

 used an agar slant of Difco Eutamueba 

 histolytica medium overlaid with Bala- 

 muth's egg yolk infusion plus rice starch, 

 500 units per ml of streptomycin and 250 

 units per ml of penicillin; this medium 

 was used successfully to establish clone 

 cultures from single microorganisms. 



Treatment : No treatment is neces- 

 sary in swine. Carbarsone has been used 

 in man. Young and Burrows (1943) ad- 

 ministered 0. 25 to 0. 5 g twice a day for 

 10 days. However, DeLanney (1943) found 

 that carbarsone did not eliminate all the 

 parasites and recommended 2.1 g diiodo- 

 hydroxyquin (diodoquin) daily for 20 days. 

 Swartzwelder (1950) recommended diodo- 

 quin if carbarsone failed. More recently, 

 chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline have 

 been found effective (Arean and Koppisch, 

 1956; Neghme el al. , 1951). 



Benson, Fremming and Young (1955) 

 treated chimpanzees with 250 mg carbar- 

 sone daily for 10 days, concealing the 

 drug in fruit or fruit juices. 



Prevention and Control : Sanitary 

 measures designed to prevent ingestion of 

 cysts or feces should prevent balantidial 

 infections. 



FAMILY TETRAHYMENIDAE 



In this holotrichasin, hymenostomorid 

 family, the buccal ciliature is composed of 

 3 membranelles which lie to the left in the 

 buccal cavity and a fourth, paroral mem- 

 brane extending along its right margin. 

 One or more stomatogenous rows of cilia 



end at the posterior margin of the buccal 

 pouch. 



Genus TETRAHYMENA Furgason, 1940 



The body is piriform and uniformly 

 ciliated with 17 to 42 rows of cilia. The 

 piriform cytostome is near the anterior 

 end. There is a single contractile vacuole. 



Telrahymena pyriforniis (Ehrenberg, 

 1830) Lwoff, 1947 (syn., T.geleii) meas- 

 ures 40 to 60 by 15 to 30j:i . It is extremely 

 popular in protozoological research. Ac- 

 cording to Corliss (1954, 1957a), over 

 500 papers had been written on it and other 

 members of the genus up to 1954, and an- 

 other 186 papers were published in 1954 

 thru 1956. Altho T. pyriforniis is nor- 

 mally free-living, it may on rare occa- 

 sions be a facultative parasite. Knight and 

 McDougle (1944) found it in the digestive 

 tract, infraorbital sinuses and serous 

 material under the eyelids of chickens in 

 Missouri. It was found only in birds with 

 a vitamin A deficiency. 



Thompson (1958) infected chicken em- 

 bryos with T. pyriforniis , T. corlissi and 

 T. vorax. He also infected guppies 

 (Lebisles reliculalus) and tadpoles {Rana 

 paluslris) thru artificially produced wounds 

 with T. corlissi but not with the other spe- 

 cies. Various adult and larval insects 

 proved excellent hosts, the protozoa teem- 

 ing in the hemolymph of some of them. 



D. COPROPHILIC CILIATES 



A number of ciliates which live in 

 water or soil may contaminate feces and 

 develop coprophilically. They are com- 

 mon in old feces, especially if it has been 

 in contact with the ground, but may also 

 appear in feces taken directly from an 

 animal. Cysts ingested by livestock in 

 feeding or drinking may pass thru the in- 

 testinal tract unharmed, and trophozoites 

 may emerge and develop as the feces 

 stands. Horse and ruminant feces which 

 have been cultured for nematode larvae 

 often contain large numbers of small cil- 

 iates. Some of these are probably Colpi- 

 dium, Chilodonella and Cyclidium. 



