46 KOTO : NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY 



TUB ISLAND Oi' KOTO) (BOTEL-TOBAGOJ. 



Starting from Makiair\ one of the Spice Islands, a long- 

 chain of the Moluccan volcanic system runs upwards, and joins 

 at the solfataric volcano of Api, in Mindanao, with that of the 

 Sangirs, that comes from the north end of Celebes. The united 

 system of volcanoes in the Philippines, then, receives the name 

 of the Mayon system. It goes right through the whole breadth 

 of Mindanao, and enters Caminguin, Leyte, Biliran, and, after- 

 wards, the peninsula of Camarines of south Luzon. It is in 

 the last-named region that the volcanic activity of the Philippines 

 is fully displayed. Albay or Mayon stands foremost in rank 

 among the mighty cones. For a while, we lose sight of the chain 

 northwards under the Pacific bottom, and it reappears in full force 

 at the crater of Cagua near Cape Engano, in north Luzon. 



The northern prolongation of the Mayon system may still 

 be traced through the little-known Babuyans,^^ the Batans, and 

 the Bîishi islands. AH are said to be of volcanic origin. Among 

 the Bashi or Yasshi^', the five larger islands, going from the south 

 to the north, are Liayan, IMabudis, Tanem, Maysanga, and Tami, 

 the last being the largest of the forlorn isles. An active volcano 

 is said to exist in the southern region (?), spreading fire and 

 destruction. 



The Balintang Canal at 20° N. lat. separates the Japanese 



1) um- 



2) B, Koto, ' On the Geologic Structure of the Malayun Archipehigo.' This Journal, 

 vol. XI, pages 111 aud IIS. Wichmann calls the chain- the 'North Moluccan bow.' ' Der 

 Wawani auf Amboina und seine angeblichen Ausbrüche, III.' Tijdschr. v. h. Kon. Nedeii. 

 Gen., Jaargang 1899, S. ö2. This bow is now said to start from Batjan, lying to the south 

 of Makjan. loc. cil. S. H. 



3) Koto, loc, cit. p. 118. 



4) The Japan Mail, August lUth 1897, ' Forlorn isles.' 



