PRIMEVAL MAN 221 



Some of the more recent of these European 

 hunting savages — those who were perhaps in 

 part our own forefathers, or who perhaps were 

 of substantially the same ethnic type as the 

 men of the older race strains in northeastern 

 Asia, and even possibly of the American In- 

 dians — and many of their more remote prede- 

 cessors were contemporaries of the lion, the 

 horse, and the elephant. Different species of 

 horse and elephant succeeded one another. The 

 earlier ones were contemporaries of the hippo- 

 potamus and of not only the lion but the sabre- 

 tooth. When the hairy elephant, the mammoth, 

 was present, the fauna also often included 

 the cave-lion, cave-hyena, cave-bear, wolf, boar, 

 woolly rhinoceros, many species of deer (in- 

 cluding the moose and that huge fallow deer, 

 the Irish elk), horses, and the bison and the 

 aurochs. The mammoth and woolly rhinoceros 

 died out so recently that their carcasses are dis- 

 covered preserved in the Siberian ice, and the 

 undigested food in their stomachs shows that 

 they ate northern plants of the kinds now com- 

 mon, and the twigs of the conifers and other 

 trees which still flourish in the boreal realm of 

 both hemispheres. 



The lion was doubtless the most dreaded foe 

 of the ancient European, just as he is to this 



