238 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



(63). When administered to the silkworm (Bonibiix 

 mori L), growth increases l)ut silk production 

 decreases (46). When fed to weanling pigs, weight 

 and feed efficiency increase (48). Prevents con- 

 tamination in grain fermentation (43). Preserves 

 beef (44) and fish (20). 



Toxicity: LDso (mice) 150 mg per kg (1), 195.4 

 mg per kg (18), or 245 mg per kg (4) intravenously. 

 LDso (mice) 1320 mg per kg intraperitoneally, 

 and 2640 mg per kg orally (18). LDso (rats) 175.5 

 mg per kg intravenously (in 60 per cent propylene 

 glycol), or 279.4 mg per kg, same route (in 50 per 

 cent acetamide). LD.50 (rabbits) 117.0 mg per kg 

 intravenously (in 100 per cent propylene glycol) 

 (18). LDso (10-day-old chick embryo, allantoic 

 route) 4.8 mg per egg (68). Repeated parenteral 

 administration results in anemia in dogs (4), but 

 this was later reported to be indirectly a result of 

 malnutrition secondary to the anorexia produced 

 by the drug (56). Anemia, vmrelated to malnutri- 

 tion, was reported in ducks receiving chloram- 

 phenicol (55). Blood dyscrasias occur rarely in 

 certain human beings (35, 69), but no such re- 

 actions were noted in 2142 patients who received 

 massive doses of B complex and ascorbic acid 

 concurrently with the antibiotic (61). Plants and 

 plant cells: Transiently toxic to Alliian cepa root 

 cells at 1000 ppm (34). Causes chlorosis and re- 

 duction of dry weight in wheat seedlings grown 

 in 25 Mg per ml (60). Nontoxic at 125 ^g per ml to 

 normal tomato ph\nt tissue, but inhibits crown- 

 gall tissue of the same plant at this level (53). 

 Animal and tumor cells: Highest concentration 

 permitting epithelial cell migration in tissue cul- 

 ture is 4.0 mg per ml (72). Least injurious doses 

 to spleen of chick embryo and human skin cells 

 in tissue culture are 165 to 300 and 135 to 275 Mg 

 per ml, respectively (49). Minimal dose causing 

 degeneration of HeLa cells is 500 Mg per ml (65). 



Utilization: Active on a variety of diseases 

 caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bac- 

 teria, spirochetes, rickettsiae, and certain viruses 

 (69). 



References: 



1. Ehrlich, J. et al. Science lOft: 417, 1947. 



2. Smadel, J. E. and Jackson, E. B. Science 



106: 418, 1947. 



3. Gottlieb, I), et al. J. Bacteriol. 



417, 1948. 



4. Smith, R. M. et al. J. Bacteriol. 



448, 1948. 



5. Ehrlich, J. et al. J. Bacteriol. 56: 467- 



477, 1948. 



6. Umezawa, H. et al. Japan. Med. J. 1: 



358-363, 1948. 



409- 



425- 



7. Okami, V. Japan. Med. J. 1: 499-503. 



1948. 



8. Bartz, Q. R. J. Biol. Chem. 172: 445-450. 



1948. 



9. Smadel, J. E. and Jackson, E. B. Proc. 



Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 67: 478-483, 1948. 



10. Umezawa, H. et al. Japan. Med. J. 2: 



207-211, 1949. 



11. Nickell, L. (i. Thesis, Yale Univ., 1949. 



12. Gauld, R. L. et al. J. Bacteriol. 57: 349- 



352, 1949. 



13. Smadel, J. E. e/ a/. J. Immunol. 62:49-65, 



1949. 



14. Thompson, P. E. and Dunn, M. C. Fed- 



eration Proc. 8: 338, 1949. 



15. Rebstock, M. C. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 



71: 2458-2462, 1949. 



16. Controulis, J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 



71: 2463-2468, 1949. 



17. Bartz, Q. R. U. S. Patent 2,483,871, Octo- 



ber 4, 1949. 



18. Gruhzit, O. M. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 28: 



943-952, 1949. 



19. McLean, I. W., Jr. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 



28: 953-963, 1949. 



20. Tarr, H. L. A. et al. Fisheries Research 



Board Can. Progr. Repts. Pacific Coast S. 

 83:35-38,1950. 



21. Bambas, L. L. ct al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 



72: 4445-4447, 1950. 



22. Ogata, K. J. Antibiotics (Japan) 3: 512- 



516, 1950. 



23. Liftman, M. L. et al. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 



20: 1076-1078, 1950. 



24. Fasal, P. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 144: 759, 



1950. 



25. Buu-Hoi, N. P. et al. J. Chem. Soc. 2766- 



2769, 1950. 



26. Hosoya, S. et al. Japan. J. Exptl. ^led. 



20: 473-480, 1950. 



27. Bliss, E. A. et al. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 



53: 277-282, 1950. 



28. Thompson, P. E. et cd. Am. J. Trop. Med. 



30: 203-215, 1950. 



29. Carrara, G. et al. Gazz. chim. ital. 80: 



709-729, 1950. 



30. LTmezawa, H. and Suzuki, M. J. Anti- 



biotics (Japan) 4A: 56-57, 1951. 



31. Buchi, J. f/ a/. Helv. Chim. Acta .34:274; 



1815-1817, 1951. 



32. Coatney, G. R. and Greenberg, J. Ann. 



N. Y. Acad. Sci. 55: 1075-1081, 1952. 



33. Jackson, E. B. Antibiotics & Chemother- 



ajiy 1:231-241,1951. 



