242 



DESCRIPTIOXS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



creases: feed efficiency (46, 48, 95, %, 114, 124); 

 egg hatchability (70); lamb carcass grades (95); 

 utilization of calcium and phosphorus (chick) (42); 

 nitrogen retention (cockerels) (101), (calves) 

 (124); intestinal permeaV)ility to organic nitrogen 

 (rats) (75); serum carotenoid levels in chicks (45); 

 vitamin A deposition in vitamin A-deficient rats 

 (113) ; nicotinic acid levels in the liver (rats) (115) ; 

 intestinal synthesis of vitamins (rats) (108); blood 

 reducing sugar levels (calves) (102), (pigs) (80). 

 (b) Causes: toxic symptoms and death in guinea 

 pigs at levels causing growth stimulation in other 

 animals; believed caused by an increase in the 

 numbers of Listeria monocytogenes in the gut, and 

 subsequent disease symptoms (116). (c) Reduces: 

 intestinal weight in pigs (117) and chicks (123); 

 urinary nitrogen excretion in cockerels (101) and 

 dairy calves (125). (d) Has a sparing effect on: 

 vitamin B12 (chick) (16), (pigs) (73); nicotinic 

 acid and folic acid (chick) (25); thiamine (chick) 

 (44); pantothenic acid (pigs) (73); all vitamins 

 (rats) (108); tryptophan (chicks) (24); choline 

 (rats) (this activity was destroyed on heating) 

 (49) ; protein (rats) (98) ; manganese (chicks) (43). 

 Toxicity: LD50 (mice) 134 mg per kg (1) or 50 

 to 100 mg per kg (5, 107) intravenously, 3 to 4 gm 

 per kg subcutaneously (5). Mice tolerate 1500 mg 

 per kg orally, 200 mg per kg intraperitoneally (1). 

 LDoo (rats) 118 mg per kg intravenously (1), 13.55 

 gm per kg orally (119). LD.mi (chick embryo) 12.0 

 mg (134). Guinea pigs tolerate 300 mg per kg sub- 

 cutaneously, but are killed by 200 mg per kg in- 

 traperitoneally (1). Very toxic to guinea pigs 

 orally (116). Dogs are killed by a dose of 150 mg 

 per kg intravenously (5). Nonirritating at 1 per 

 cent to rabbit eyes (11). Fish and amphibians: 

 Toxic to guppies at 1 mg per ml in 10 to 30 min- 

 utes (59). At dilution of 1:10,000 to 1:25.000, in- 

 hibits tadpole metamorphosis (76). Insects: Toxic 

 to the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) and 

 the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) at 

 0.3 to 0.5 gm ])er 14 gm of grain. At these levels 

 the lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha doniinica) is 

 stimulated reproductively (63). Kills the adults 

 of the rice weevil {Calandra oryzae) and the small 

 rice weevil (C sasakii) after exposure to 0.2 gm 

 in a jar for 2 days (84) . Plants: Toxic to the growth 

 of lentil and pea seedlings at dilutions of 5 X 

 10~\ and has a temporary blocking action on the 

 production of chlorophyll. Not toxic to rape 

 (Brassica napus) at 1 X 10^^ (55). Na-K chloro- 

 phyllin prevents characteristic chlorotic toxicity 

 symptoms in beans and cucumbers normally pro- 

 duced when the plants are sprayed with certain 

 concentrations of chlortetracycline. Cells: Least 



injurious doses for spleen cells (from cliick em- 

 bryo) and human skin cells in tissue culture are 

 150 to 300 Mg per ml and 100 to 200 Mg per ml, re- 

 spectively (94). Cytotoxic to Allium cepa root 

 cells at 50 ppm (29). Nontoxic to normal plant 

 cells at 50 Mg per 'n'. although crown-gall cells 

 are inhibited at this level (112). Minimal dose 

 causing inhil)ition of HeLa cells is 125 Mg l>er ml 

 (129). 



Utilization: Active against a variety of infec- 

 tions caused t)y gram-positive and gram-negative 

 bacteria, actinomycetes, rickettsiae, and psittaco- 

 sis group (6, 7, 9-11, 14, 17). It is widely used in 

 veterinary medicine. Used in feeds to augment 

 growth rate of poultry, calves, pigs, etc. Used in 

 preservation of foods: fish (109), poultry (82), 

 meat (110), milk (50), and spinach (133). Prevents 

 contamination in grain fermentation (71). 



References: 



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Sci. 51: 182-210, 1948. 



2. Price, C. W. et al. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 



51: 211-217, 1948. 



3. Dornbush, A. C. and Pelcak, E. J. Ann. 



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4. Little, P. A. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 51: 



246-253, 1948. 



5. Bryer, M. S. et al. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 



51: 254-266, 1948. 



6. Schoenbach, E. B. et al. Ann. N. Y. Acad. 



Sci. 51: 267-279, 1948. 



7. Braley, A. E. and Sanders, M. Ann. N. Y. 



Acad. Sci. 51: 280-289, 1948. 



8. Wong, S. C. and Cox, H. R. Ann. N. Y. 



Ac ad . Sc i . 51: 290-305 , 1948 . 



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11. Bryer, M. S. et al. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 



138: 117-119, 1948. 



12. Broschard, R. W. et al. Science 109: 



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13. Kuzell, W. G. et al. Proc. Soc. Exptl. 



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Biol. Med. 72: 674-675, 1949. 



15. Duggar, B. M. U. S. Patent 2,482,055, 



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Immunol. 65:653-660, 1950. 



