DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



271 



crude evericin with acetone. Further purification 

 liy chromatography on charcoal. 



Chemical and physical properties: Basic antibi- 

 otic. Unstable at 100°C. Hydrochloride salt hygro- 

 scopic. Sulfate not hygro.scopic. Sulfates of 370 

 units per mg (1 unit = 1 yug of streptomycin by 

 diffusion assay) were obtained. Evericin diffuses 

 more slowly than streptomycin in agar. Ultra- 

 violet al)sorption spectnnn shows end-absorption 

 and a characteristic shoulder at ajiproximately 

 240 ni/Lt. Maltol test negative. Negative FeCls and 

 Molisch tests. Positive Tollen, biuret, and nin- 

 hydrin reactions. On chromatography of the acid 

 hydrolysate on activated carbon, the first frac- 

 tions contain four atypical amino acids; subse- 

 c[uent fractions contain no amino acids l>ut gvumi- 

 dine. [»]„ = —20.1° (c = 1 percent in water.) 



Biological activity: Bacterial spectrum similar 

 to streptomycin. Active against streptomycin- 

 resistant strains. 



Toxicity: LDsu (mice) 10 to 12.5 mg per kg in- 

 travenously and subcutaneously. 



Reference: 1. Bodanskj', M. Acta Chim. ."i: 

 237-241, 1953. 



Exfoliatin 



Produced by: Streptoniyces exfoliatiis (1). 



Method of extraction: Broth at pH 7.0 extracted 

 with ethyl acetate. Extract distilled in vacuo. 

 Residual syrup washed with petroleum ether to 

 precipitate exfoliatin. Crystallized from hot etha- 

 nol on cooling (1 ). 



Cheniicol and physical properties: Colorless 

 needles; m.p. 172°C. Soluble in ethanol, acetone, 

 chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Very slightly solu- 

 ble in petroleum ether, ether, and water. Positive 

 Molisch and FeCls tests. Negative Fehling, Tol- 

 len, and Liebermann-Burchard tests. C = 50.74%; 

 H = 6.10%; CI = 5.48%. C27H4nOi9Cl (1, 2). 



Biological activity: Active on gram-positive bac- 

 teria. Less active on mycobacteria. Not active on 

 fungi or gram-negative bacteria, except Hemo- 

 philus (1 , 2). 



Toxicity: LDsi, (mice) 500 mg per kg subcutane- 

 ously (1, 2). 



References: 



1. Umezawa, H. et al. Japan. J. Med. Sci. & 



Biol. 5: 311-316, 1952. 



2. Umezawa, H. et al. J. Antiljiotics (Japan) 



5: 466, 1952. 



Feriiiicidiii 



Produced by: Streptomyces sp. similar to S. 

 griseolus. 



Method of extraction: Filtered broth acidified to 



pH 3.0 to 4.0, treated with activated carl)on, eluted 

 with 80 per cent acetone. Concentration of eluate 

 in vacuo followed by extraction with chloroform. 

 Chloroform removed under reduced pressure, and 

 the residue adsorbed on a carbon column. Column 

 washed with 20 per cent acetone, and fermicidin 

 eluted with 60 per cent acetone. Acetone evapo- 

 rated to dryness in vacuo, and the residue dissolved 

 in benzene, absorbed on alumina, and eluted with 

 1 per cent methanol containing benzene. Metha- 

 nol-benzene solution evaporated to dryness in 

 vacuo. Recrystallization from ether. 



Chemical and physical properties: Colorless 

 needles; m.p. 96-98°C. Soluble in methanol, 

 ethanol, chloroform, benzene, and ethyl acetate. 

 Slightly soluble in water and ether. Insoluble in 

 petroleum ether. Aqueous solutions are weakly 

 acidic. [a]o = +52.3° (c = 0.62 per cent in water). 

 Stable for 1 hour at 100°C at pH 5 or less. Unstable 

 at alkaline reaction. Ultraviolet absorption maxi- 

 mum at 290 m^u. 



Biological activity: Active on Sacch. forniosensis 

 and Sacch. pastorianus at 0.04 /xg per ml; Sacch. 

 cerevisiae at 0.1 /jg per ml; Hansenula anomala 

 and Torula rubra at 0.2 ng per ml; Candida krusei 

 at 0.5 ng per ml; and Trichomonas vaginalis at 0.2 

 fxg per ml. Active on influenza virus; not active 

 against l)acteria and filamentous fungi. 



Toxicity: LD50 (mice) 180 mg per kg intrave- 

 nously; and (rats) 2 mg per kg. 



References: 



1. Igarasi, S. J. Antil)iotics (Japan) 7B: 221- 



225, 1954. 



2. Wada, S. et al. Chem. Abstr. 52: 167031, 



1958. 



Fervenulin 



Produced by: Streptomyces fervens. 



Method of extraction: Filtration of the broth at 

 pH 8.0. Filtrate extracted with l^ volume of 

 methyl chloride at pH 6.0. Concentration to an oil. 

 Extraction of the oil with the upper phase of the 

 solvent system acetone-n-hexane-water (5:3:1). 

 Concentration of the solvent yields crystalline 

 fervenulin. Pure fervenulin obtained by fractional 

 crystallization from the solvent system ethyl ace- 

 tate-acetone (3:1) or by countercurrent distritni- 

 tion in the solvent system benzene-methanol- 

 water (1:1:0.2). 



Chemical and physical properties: Brilliant yellow 

 orthorhombic crystals; m.p. 178-179°C (decompo- 

 sition). Sulilimes 70°C at 10 fj. pressure. C = 

 43.83%; H = 3.73%; N = 35.99%; O = 17.27%. 

 Molecular weight (radiological), 189; vapor pres- 

 sure, 190; saponification, 186. Molecular weight, 



