274 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



leu, Seliwunot'f, Millon, Liebermann, Sakagvichi, 

 biuret, and ninhydrin tests (1-3). 



Biological activity: Most active on Saccharomy- 

 ^es and Penicillium (0.5 /ig per ml). Less active (5 

 to 50 /xg per ml) on other fungi. No activity on bac- 

 teria. Active on insects (Miisca domestica and 

 Locusta migratoria) (2). Strongly inhibits mitosis 

 at pre-prophase in Allium cepa root cells (1). 



Toxicity: LD50 (mice) 1 mg per kg intraperito- 

 neally, 2 mg per kg subcutaneously, and 25 mg per 

 kg orally (1, 2). 



References : 



1. Craveri, R. and Veronesi, U. Riv. liiol. 



(Perugia) 49: 89-97, 1957. 



2. Craveri R. and Giolitti, G. Nature, Lon 



don 179: 1307, 1957. 



3. Craveri, R. et al. Nuovi ann. igiene e micro- 



biol. 9: 185-187, 1958. 



Flaveolin 



Produced by: Streptouiyccs sp. resembling iS. 

 flaveolus. 



Method of extraction: Culture medium adjusted 

 to pH 2.0 and filtered. Filtrate decolorized with 

 charcoal at pH 2.0, then antibiotic adsorbed on 

 charcoal at pH 7.0. Elution with 80 per cent ace- 

 tone (pH 1). Acetone evaporated off in flash- 

 evaporator and Ca++ removed as oxalate. Filtrate 

 extracted with l)utanol at pH 8.0. Re-extraction 

 into water (pH 1.0). Separated from impurities by 

 countercurrent distribution (butanol and 0.067 

 M Sorensen's buffer at pH 5.5). Active fractions 

 transferred from acidic water into chloroform re- 

 peatedly. Precipitated from chloroform on addi- 

 tion of ether. 



Chemical and physical properties: Basic sub- 

 stance. Possible ciuinonoid structure. HCl salt: 

 Yellowish powder. Soluble in water, methanol, 

 ethanol, and propanol. Scarcely soluble in acetone, 

 benzene, butanol, and chloroform. Insoluble in 

 ether, jjetroleum ether, and ethyl acetate. Lemon - 

 yellow in acidic solution, brown at neutrality, and 

 reddish at alkaline pH. Most stable at acid pH. 

 Decolorized by H2O2 in presence of NajCOs . 

 Positive Liebermann nitroso reaction and Pauly 

 tests. Negative FeCl,? , Millon, biuret, Sakaguchi, 

 ninhydrin, and Fehling (black color, no precipi- 

 tate) tests. Picrate: m.p. 126-128°C (decomposi- 

 tion). Reincckate:n\.Y>. 147-150°C (decomposition). 

 Base: Soluble in butanol, chloroform, and iso- 

 amjd alcohol. Not precipitated by methyl orange 

 or flavianic acid. Rf = 0.74 (wet butanol) or 0.83 

 {3 per cent NH^Cl) by paper chromatography. 



Biological activity: Active on gram-positive and 

 gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts, and 

 fungi. 



Toxicity: Mice tolerate 10 mg per kg intrave- 

 nously, but 50 mg per kg is lethal. 



Reference: 1. Takahashi, B. J. Antibiotics 

 (Japan) 6: 11-20, 1953. 



Flavocidin 



Produced by: Streptomyces sp. 



Synonym: Possibly related to antibiotic F 256. 



Method of extraction: Activity present primarily 

 in the mycelium. Mycelium exhaustively extracted 

 with boiling methanol. Methanol concentrated, 

 and antibiotic precipitated on addition of water. 

 Recrystallized from boiling chloroform. 



Chemical and physical properties: Colorless 

 needles; m.p. 144-145°C. Very soluble in methanol, 

 ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. 

 Soluble in l)enzene and ether; sparingly soluble in 

 water; insoluble in petroleum ether and ligroin. 

 tntraviolet absorption spectrum maximum at 275 

 niyu (£'icm 2.01) in methanol. Infrared spectrum 

 given in reference 1. [a]l = +94° (c = 1 per cent 

 in methanol). Positive l)romine-chloroform, nitro- 

 prusside, Molisch, diazo, and m-dinitrobenzene 

 tests. Negative ninhydrin test. Addition of vanil- 

 lin to a glacial acetic acid solution gives a red 

 color, indicating a phenolic hydroxyl group. 

 C.,4H5o-.mN09 : C = 65.20%; H = 9.12%; N = 

 2.05%. Molecular weight, 625 to 643. 



Biological activity: Active on Micrococcus fiavus 

 at 0.003 Mgper ml and on Sarcina lutea. Not active 

 on other bacteria. Active on influenza virus in 

 vitro. 



Toxicity: LDsn (mice) 15.6 to 31.25 mg per kg 

 intraperitonealh'. 



Reference: 1. Shibata, M. et al. Ann. Rept. 

 Takeda Research Lab. 17: 16-18, 1958. 



Flavofiingin 



Produced by: Streptomyces flavofungini (2). 

 (This culture also produces desertomycin.) Strep- 

 tomyces sp. (These cultures also produce an anti- 

 bacterial antibiotic (4).) 



Synonym: Antifungal antibiotic SA IX (1); said 

 to be related to mycoticin (4). 



Method of extractiou: Present iii mycelium and 

 broth (2). 



Chemical and physical properties: Fine yellow 

 to yellow-green needles (2, 4). Soluble with diffi- 

 culty in w^ater. Yellow fluorescence in viltraviolet 

 light. Ultraviolet absorption spectrum maxima 

 at 263 and 368 niyu (3). Forms a stable acetyl deriva- 

 tive (4). vSlow diffusibility in agar. Reversil)ly 

 bound by serum proteins (2). 



Biological activity: Active on yeasts, filamentous 

 fungi, and .V. asteroides. Not active on bacteria, 

 except B. siibtilis and Staph, aureus at >100 /xg 



