DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



281 



rt'l)ortCHl lo form an anioi'i^hou!!! jncrute, hut no 

 helianthate or reineckate (6). Albomycin forms a 

 reineckate (11). No free C=S or ^^CSH groups. 

 Crude grLsein and albomycin hydrolysates con- 

 tain many amino acids, but purer preparations of 

 grisein contain only glutamic and an imidentified 

 amino acid; purer preparations of albomycin 

 (component D) contain only ornithine and serine 

 (6, 8, 11). An acid hydrolysis product of grisein is 

 3-methyluracil; m.p. 182-183°C (6): 



NH- 



OC 



I 

 CH.N- 



-CO 

 CH 



CH 



Biological activih/: Active on gram-positive and 

 gram-negative bacteria. No activity on ,1. aero- 

 genes, B. mycoides, Sal. tt/phosa, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. 

 aeruginosa, or fungi. Limited activity on myco- 

 bacteria (1, 10). Albomycin is active on .1. aero- 

 genes (8). Active in mice against Staph, aureus and 

 Sal. schottniuelleri infections (1). Development of 

 resistance is very rapid (1, 9). Cross-resistance 

 with viomycin. A is the most active component; 

 1) the least (10). Inactivated by excess Fe (2, 8), 

 hut not by cysteine or hydroxylamine (2). 



Toxicity: Nontoxic. Albomycin well tolerated 

 by mice, rabbits, cats, and guinea pigs. No toxic 

 symptoms in clinical use (8). 



Utilization: Used clinically in the T. S. S. K. 

 against coccal infections, pneumonia, meningitis, 

 peritonitis, relapsing fever, prostatitis, gonococcal 

 lu-ethritis, and other penicillin-resistant infections 

 (8). 



References: 



1. Reynolds, D. M. el al. Proc. Soc. Exptl. 



Biol. Med. 64: 50-54, 1947. 



2. Reynolds, I). M. and Waksman, S. A. J. 



Bacteriol. 55:739-752, 1948. 



3. Garson, W. and Waksman, S. A. Proc. 



Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 34: 232, 1948. 



4. Umezawa, \\. ct al. J. Antibiotics (Japan) 



2B: 104-109, 1949. 



5. Kuehl, F. A., Jr. and Chalet, L. U. S. 



Patent 2,505,053, April, 1950. 



6. Kuehl, F. A., Jr. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 



73: 1770-1773, 1951. 



7. Kuehl, F. A., Jr. U. S. Patent 2,54(),2()7, 



March, 1951. 



8. Cause, G. F. Brit. Med. J. 2:1177-1179, 



1955. 



9. Garrod, L. P. and Waterworth, P. M. lirit . 



Med. J. 2: 61-65, 1956. 

 10. Stapley, E. O. and Ormond, R. E. Science 

 125: 587-589, 1957. 



11. Braznikova, M. G. et al. Biokhimiya 22: 



111-117, 1957. 



12. Thrum, H. Naturwissenschaften 44: 561- 



562, 1957. 



13. Samsonov, G. V. et al. Biokhimiya (Eng. 



transl.) 23: 206-209, 1958. 



14. Waksman, S. A. Science 125: 585-587, 



1957. 



15. Ziihner, H. et al. Arch. Mikrobiol. .36: 325 



349, 1900. 



16. Bickel, V. H. et al. Experientia 16.- 129-133, 



1960. 



Griseoflaviii 



Produced hi/: Streptoniyces griscoflavus. 



Method of extraction: Adsorption on acidic clay 

 at pH 2.0, elution with 80 per cent acetone at pH 

 7.0. Evaporation of acetone, aqueous solution 

 extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporation to dry- 

 ness. Brown powder dissolved in methanol, chro- 

 matography over aluminum oxide. Crystallization 

 from ethanol. 



Chemical and physical properties: Colorless 

 crystals; ni.)). 210-215°C (decomposition). Soluble 

 in methanol, ethanol, propanol, phenol, acetic 

 acid, and alkaline water. Slightly soluble in water, 

 ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate. Insoluble in 

 ether, petroleum ether, benzene, and chloroform. 

 Negative biuret, ninhydrin, Sakaguchi, Molisch, 

 and FeChi tests. 



Biological activity: Active primarily against 

 gram-positive bacteria; limitetl activity against 

 gram-negative bacteria and mycoliacteria. Strains 

 of staphylococci, Vihrio comma, and one Mycobac- 

 terium are the most sensitive organisms (1 to 2 ^g 

 per ml ) . 



Toxicity: LD.51, (mice) >250 mg per kg intra- 

 peritoneally. 



Reference: 1. Waga, Y. J. Antil)iotics (Japan) 

 6A: 66-72, 1953. 



Griseoluteiii A 



Produced by: Streptomyces griseoluteus (3). 



Synonym: Griseolutein. The same organism also 

 produces griseolutein B. 



Method of extraction: Broth-Hltrate extracted 

 with ethyl acetate at pH 2.0. Extract concentrated 

 //( vacuo. Concentrate chromatographed on alu- 

 mina and developed with ethyl acetate. Active 

 yellow fraction concentrated and cooled to precipi- 

 tate crystals. Recrystallized from ethyl acetate 

 (1). Crude powder containing both A and B is 

 dissolved in aqueous sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.2) 

 and solution extracted with ethyl acetate at pH 

 5.8. Most of B remains in the aciueous laj'er; A is 



