370 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



Method of extraction: I. Mycelium extracted 

 with water-saturated diethyl ether, methanol, 

 ethanol, acetone, or water. Solvent evaporated to 

 dryness. Residue taken up in ethanol or ethyl ace- 

 tate, then concentrated to dryness. Residue taken 

 up in petroleum ether and chromatographed on 

 alumina. Developed with solvents of increasing 

 polarity, finally eluted with ethanol -methanol 

 (1:1), followed by 1 per cent glacial acetic acid in 

 methanol. Streptocin crystallizes on standing or 

 on concentration of solvent. Can also be extracted 

 from broth-filtrate (1). II. Ether-extract of 

 mycelium sublimed at 100°C at 1 X 10~* mm. Re- 

 crystallized from 1 per cent glacial acetic acid in 

 methanol or acetone (3). 



Chemical and physical properties: Acidic sub- 

 stance. Colorless needles in rosettes. Loses crys- 

 talline structure on standing. Can be sublimed. 

 Soluble in polar solvents such as water, methanol, 

 and ethanol; insoluble in nonpolar solvents such 

 as chloroform. Infrared spectrum given in refer- 

 ence 3. Stable to changes in pH and heat. Contains 

 C, H, and O (1, 3). 



Biological activity: Slightly active on gram-posi- 

 tive bacteria, including mycobacteria. Limited 

 antifungal activity. Active on Trichomonas (1, 3). 



Toxicity: Reputed to have extremely low tox- 

 icity intravenously (mice). 



References: 



1. Waksman, S. A. et al. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. 



Med. 70: 308-312, 1949. 



2. Kupferberg, A. B. et al. J. Bacteriol. 59: 



523-526, 1950. 



3. British Patent 677,743, August 20, 1952. 



Streptograniin 



Produced by: Streptomyces graminofaciens (4). 



Synonyms: Said to contain certain components 

 which act synergistically, like those of the anti- 

 biotics PA 114, E 129, staphylomycin, and mika- 

 mycin complexes (6). 



Method of extraction: Broth-filtrate extracted 

 with ethyl acetate. Ligroin added to extract to 

 give active precipitate. Dilute solution of precipi- 

 tate in methanol treated with excess 1 per cent 

 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 5°C to precipitate 

 impurities. Concentration of supernatant in vacuo 

 gives streptograniin. 



Chemical and physical properties: Complex: 

 Substantially neutral, noncrystalline substance; 

 m.p. about 155°C. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, 

 acetone, and ethyl acetate; sparingly soluble in 

 water and dilute acid; insoluble in ligroin. Ultra- 

 violet absorption spectrum maximum at 225 m/i, 

 with inflections at 270 to 290 ni/u and 350 niju (sol- 



vent not given). Infrared spectrum data given in 

 reference 1. [aYo = —134° (concentration and sol- 

 vent not given). Positive test with dimethylamino- 

 benzaldehyde in H:jP04 (for ring nitrogen) and 

 FeCU test. Negative ninhydrin test. Inactivated 

 by alkali above pH 9.5. C = 62.25%; H = 6.62%; 

 N = 8.42%. C.eHsjOyNs (1). 



Biological activity: Active mainly on gram-posi- 

 tive bacteria, including mycobacteria. Active on 

 Hemophilis. Little or no activity on most gram- 

 negative bacteria, fungi and Trichomonas vagina- 

 lis. Development of resistance of Staph, aurexis is 

 slow. Cross-resistance with erythromycin, carbo- 

 mycin, oleandomycin, and spiramycin. Active in 

 mice on Diplococcus, Pasteurella, /3-hemolytic 

 Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus infections (1-3, 

 5). 



Toxicity: LD50 (mice) 450 mg per kg intraperi- 

 toneally (1). 



References : 



1. Charney, J. et al. Antibiotics & Chemo- 



therapy 3: 1283-1286, 1953. 



2. Verwey, W. F. et al. Bacteriol. Proc. 79, 



1954". 



3. Jones, W. F. et al. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. 



Med. 93: 388-393, 1956. 



4. British Patent 776,035, 1957. 



5. Verwey, W. F. et al. Antibiotics & Chemo- 



therapy 8:500-505, 1958. 



6. Woodruff, H. B. Quoted in Watanabe, K. et 



al. J. Antibiotics (Japan) 12.4: 112-113, 

 1959. 



Streptolins 



Produced by: Streptomyces sp. (1), similar but 

 not identical to the strain of S. lavendulae that 

 produces antibiotic 136 (5); S. griseus Lfarinosus 

 (11). 



Remarks: Broth contains streptothricin and at 

 least two other antibiotics in addition to strepto- 

 lins A and B; the same five components are found 

 in broths containing antibiotic 136 (5). Other 

 workers have reported five components in the 

 streptolin complex (9, 10). Rf values of the com- 

 ponents in streptolin broths are given in Table 43 

 of "Streptothricin-like Antibiotics." 



Method of extraction: I. Broth-filtrate treated 

 with Darco G-60 at acid pH, filtered, then ad- 

 sorbed on a Darco G-60-Hyflo Super-Cel mixture. 

 Eluted with acidic acetone. Addition of acetone 

 to active fractions produces a gum, which is taken 

 up in water, adjusted to pH 2.0, and precipitated 

 with methanol. Recrystallized as reineckate. Puri- 

 fication by conversion to other salts (5). Repeated 



