DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS 



375 



(64). Slightly active on Plasmodium gatlinaceum 

 (chick and tissue culture), but not on P. cathe- 

 merium or P. lophurae. Very high doses increase 

 survival time of mice infected with P. berghei 

 (61). Not active on Trijpanosoma or Trichomonas. 

 Accelerates phagocytosis of both resistant and 

 sensitive strains of E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa in 

 guinea pigs (50). At cez'tain concentrations given 

 intraperitoneally to mice infected with Sal. ty- 

 phosa, increases fatality rate over nontreated con- 

 trols. At higher concentrations, mice are protected 

 (8). 



Ayiimal Nutrition 



(See chlortetracycline for a discussion of growth 

 stimulation by antibiotics.) There are many con- 

 flicting reports on the role of streptomycin in the 

 nutrition of animals. Some of the positive findings 

 when streptomycin was included in the diet in- 

 clude: increased growth rate of: chicks (6), goslings 

 (46), turkey poults (34), weanling pigs (70), dairy 

 calves (84), and silkworms (43), and increased: 

 weight of rats (32), egg production and hatchabil- 

 ity in pullets (45), and silk production in silk- 

 worms (43). 



Plant Disease Control 



Streptomycin in combination with oxytetracy- 

 cline is used commercially to control certain plant 

 diseases, such as fire blight. Streptomycin alone 

 or streptomycin-oxytetracycline mixtures have 

 been reported to give various degrees of control of 

 the following diseases, under either greenhouse or 

 field conditions. Blights: Halo blight (Pseudo- 

 monas medicaginis var. phaseolicola) of beans (47, 

 68), common blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli) of 

 beans (47), fire blight {Erwinia amylovora) of ap- 

 ple (67) and pear (102), bacterial blight (Pseudo- 

 monas apii) of celery (88), bacterial blight (Pseu- 

 domonas glycinea) of soybean (122), and walnut 

 blight (Xanthomonas juglandis) (102). Spots: 

 Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) of to- 

 mato and pepper (79), lima bean (128), bacterial 

 leaf spot (Pseudomonas sesame )of sesame (97), and 

 angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas lachrymans) (90). 

 Rots: Bacterial stem and leaf rot (Erwinia sp.) of 

 philodendron (92), ring rot (Corynebacterium 

 sepedonicum) of potato seed-pieces (29), bacterial 

 rot (Erwinia atroseptica and E. carotovora) of po- 

 tato seed-pieces (120), and soft rot (Erwinia sp.) 

 of lettuce (87). Wilts: Bacterial wilt (Erwinia 

 chrysanthemi) of chrysanthemum (71), tomato, 

 alfalfa (102), and cucumber (Erwinia tracheiphila) 

 (105). Cankers, galls, and tumors: Crown-gall of 



carrot (21), cherry (101), rose (121) (Agrobacterium 

 tumefaciens) and oleander galls (Pseudomonas 

 tonelliana) (29), bacterial canker (Pseudomonas 

 mors-prunorum) of cherry (108), bacterial stem 

 canker (Pseudomonas sp.) of young plum trees 

 (127), and citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri) (133). 

 Miscellaneous: Blackleg disease (Erwinia atrosep- 

 tica) of potatoes (86), wildfire (Pseudomonas 

 tabaci) (80) of tobacco, blast (Pseudomonas sy- 

 ringae) of peach (124) and pear (91), infections 

 (Xanthomonas pruni) of plum budwood and peach 

 trees (29, 104), infections (Erwinia carnegieana) 

 of giant cactus (29), Stewart's disease (Bacterium 

 stewartii) of corn (102), silvering disease (Cory- 

 nebacterium betae) of beet (106), and infections 

 (Xanthomonas translucens) of wheat seedlings 

 (107). Fungal diseases: Despite the fact that strep- 

 tomycin has no activity in vitro against fungi, the 

 following diseases were reported to have been 

 affected to various degrees: loose smut (Ustilago 

 nuda) of barley (33), downy mildew (Phytophthora 

 phaseoli) of lima beans (98), cucurbits (Pseudoper- 

 onospora cubensis) (89), hops (123), broccoli (Pero- 

 nospora parasitica) (100), blue mold of tobacco 

 (Peronospora tabacina) (78), anthracnose (Glome- 

 rella lindemuthianum) of beans (81), sugar beet 

 root rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides and other fungi) 

 (20) , late blight of tomato (Phytophthora infestans) 

 (99), and infections of potato stems and tomato 

 plants (Verticillium and Rhizoctonia) (69). 



Miscellaneous 



Streptomycin increases mosquito susceptibility 

 to Plasmodium gallinaceum infections when given 

 in the diet (49) ; has a vitamin-sparing action on 

 the virus-tumor tissue of Rumex acetosa (62), 

 stimulating it at 2 ppm or below, inhibiting it at 

 higher concentrations (27) ; prevents soft rot in 

 packaged spinach (66) ; and prevents fish spoilage 

 (28). 



Toxicity: Calcium chloride complex: LDon (mice) 

 200 mg of base per kg intravenously, >700 mg per 

 kg subcutaneously, and 9000 mg per kg orally. 

 LDso (rats) 175 mg of base per kg intravenously, 

 >600 mg per kg subcutaneously, and >6000 mg 

 per kg orally. LD50 (rabbits) 225 mg of base per kg 

 intravenously, and >600 mg per kg subcutane- 

 ously. LDso (cats) 150 mg of base per kg intrave- 

 nously, 600 mg per kg subcutaneously, and >2000 

 mg per kg orally. Frogs are considered least sensi- 

 tive to streptomycin-CaClo ; monkeys and dogs 

 most sensitive. Trihydrochloride: LD50 (mice) 

 1440 ± 116 mg per kg subcutaneously (13). Poorly 

 absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. 



