18<m;.] dJO [Cushiug. 



among some of the Floridiaii tribes as one of the gods of day or of the 

 dawn — as indeed is both the antelope and the deer among tlie Zunis. 

 In such event they symbolized — ^just as do similar sets of radiating lines 

 around paintings of the Zuni sun-god — the four sets of the sun's rays 

 that are supposed to correspond to the four quarters of the world, as well 

 as to the four sets of three months in the corresponding four seasons of 

 the year over which the sun god is believed to have dominion — since he 

 creates all the days thereof. 



Not only were the human masks associated with their animal counter- 

 parts, but sometimes two or more of the human masks were found in 

 one such group. In two or three instances we found multiple sets of 

 them. In such case they were superimposed, as though they had been tied 

 or wrapped, one inside, of the other, and thus hung up or laid away, and 

 had fallen so gently into the water-court that their relation to one 

 another had not been disturbed therebJ^ A notable example of this 

 kind was found in the association of two masks — one lying directly over 

 the other, the faces of both turned upward — that lay not far away from 

 the turtle-figurehead that I have already described. The painted lines 

 on the lowermost of these masks were indicative that it was designed to 

 represent the man-turtle or man-turtle god ; whilst the lines upon the 

 superimposed mask seemed, from their general resemblance to the face 

 marks painted upon the bear-figurehead I have also described, to indi- 

 cate that they were designed to represenc the same sort of human pre- 

 sentmentation of the bear. I am at loss to account for this singular 

 consociation of the two masks — the turtle-man mask and the bear-man 

 mask — unless by supposing that the ancient people who made them, 

 regarded the somewhat sluggish turtle as the "bear of the sea," and the 

 bear, whose movements are also awkward, as one of his "brother- 

 turtles of the laud," or that they otherwise mythically related them. 



We found several human masks by themselves. One was clearly, 

 from the length of its sharp nose and the painted lines upon its fea- 

 tures, designed to represent the cormorant ; another, from the oblique 

 or twisted form of its mouth, its nose awry, and its spiral or twisted 

 face-marks or bands, as plainly represented the sun-fish or some other 

 slant-faced fish. I regarded a third one of these masks as that of the man- 

 bat-god. It was of especial interest, not only on account of its associa- 

 tions, but also on account of its general resemblance to the face of the 

 bat-god of night conventionally depicted so frequently on Central 

 American monuments. Still another mask was of ecpial interest, for it 

 represented unmistakably, in a half-human, half-animal style, the fea- 

 tures of the wild-cat ; and the curiously doubled paint lines with which 

 its cheeks were streaked downwardly below the eyes, although strictly 

 regular and conventional, were singularly suggestive of the actual face- 

 markings of the wild-cat, and thus enable us to understand the signifi- 

 cance of like lines that are incised upon certain purely human-faced 

 figures characteristic of many of the maskoidal pipes from mounds of 

 the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. 



