Smith.] ^^4 [Oct. 2, 



found in beds overlying the coal beds numerous marine fossils of 

 Upper Coal Measure age. Kayser has described fifty -five species, ten 

 not specifically identified, fifteen cosmopolitan species, and eleven forms- 

 that are typically American, and belong chietly to the Upper Coal 

 Measures. 



MacTocJieilus anguUferus. 



Sehizodus wJieeleri. 



Macrodon carbonarius. 



Aviculopecten maccoyi. 



Retziiv compressa. 



Orthis pecosii. 



Producti/s mexicanus. 



Bhomhopora lepidendroides. 



Lophop)]iyllum proliferum. 



Lophopliyllitm proliferum var. sauridcns. 



Fusulina cylindrica var. gracilis. 



Also the Nautilus orientalis Kayser is most closely related to N. occi- 

 dentalis Swallow, and Nautilus mingsTianensis Kayser resembles the- 

 same American species. Myalina trapezoidalis Kayser finds its neai-est 

 representative in M. subquadrata Shumard. The fifteen cosmopolitan 

 species are also nearly all found in the American Upper Coal Measures, 

 so that of the entire Lo-ping fauna nearly all the species are either 

 found in America, or they have their nearest relatives there. The two 

 regions belong to the same zoological province, the Pacific Carboniferous 

 sea. 



Many of these species that are very common in America and Asia are 

 unknown or rare in Europe, which fact would tend to prove a connec- 

 tion with Asia by water, and the separation of the European and the 

 American Upper Coal Measure deposits by a land barrier. 



The Carboniferous plants collected by Baron von Richthofen num- 

 bered about forty species, and are nearly all identical with European 

 Carboniferous plants. The natural inference is that in those times Asia 

 was connected by laud with Europe, while the sea opened out to the east. 



Prof. J. S. Newberry * described a small collection of Carboniferous 

 plants from China, and found nearly all of them to belong to well- 

 known European species. This is in perfect agreement with the con- 

 clusions drawn above. 



The Salt Range Beds of India 



In the Salt Range, in northwest India, are found Upper Carboniferous, 

 deposits, some of which resemble those of Lo-ping, China, and the 

 Lower Productus Limestone of India is probably of the same age as 

 the beds of Lo-ping, and the western American Uppermost Coal Meas- 

 ures. These deposits and their fauna are described by Prof. W. 



* American Journal of Science, Vol. cxxvi, 1883, p. 123 ct seq. 



