1890.] 157 [Ryder. 



they are out of the way of interference with the exercise of the functions 

 of the rest of the cells of the body, we have some clews to the reason whv 

 germ-cells are "set aside," not as the consequence of a foreseen (by the 

 organism or natural selection) necessity for their isolation, a la Weismann, 

 but as a consequence of the continuous action of cumulative integration 

 ending in continuous growth, sexuality, morphological and physiological 

 differentiation under the stress of surrounding conditions to which adap- 

 tive responses must as continuously be made. 



25. With the evolution of the multicellular condition and sexuality, 

 through cumulative integration, sexual correlations and interdependences 

 between plants, insects and air-currents were evolved, as supposed in the 

 text, while in animals sexual passion was evolved in the progress of sex- 

 ual evolution. These factors became the motive forces which sustained 

 the process of reciprocal integration or fertilization at its maximum of 

 efficiency, and thus provided for the continuous rejuvenescence of living 

 forms. 



26. "Maternal " and " paternal " are relative terms. There was a time 

 when asexual reproduction, through fission without karyokinesis, was 

 effected by forms which were morphologically male. When individuals 

 became developed in which the physiological functions of the individual 

 were so adjusted automatically through a correlation of those functions 

 as to impede the production of chromatin or nucleoplasm, presumably 

 through the too rapid action of cumulative integration, cytoplasm was 

 produced in a preponderating measure, the spermatogonia were hyper- 

 trophied and discharged before complete maturation as ova. In this way 

 femaleness arose, and as " sex " thus became reflected in the physiological 

 tendencies of the individuals of a species, some became male and others 

 female. This carried the principle of the physiological division of labor 

 beyond organs and extended it to individuals of the same species. The 

 female, let me repeat, is a repressed male state. 



27. In the production of female germs (ova, oospheres) there occurs a 

 prolonged process of integration of plasma so as to increase the volume 

 of the cell-body, under conditions different from those obtaining in the 

 production of male elements. In the production of male elements (sper- 

 matozoa, antherozoids), on the contrary, an actual process of elimination 

 of cytoplasm often occurs, so as to reduce the latter to a minimum, and 

 leave little remaining except the nucleus and its chromatin. The modes 

 of production of the male and female elements, therefore, stand in the 

 most extreme contrast to each other. The male state, on account of its 

 prodigious fertility and the flagellate type of its products, is to be regarded 

 as a reversion to the asexual method of reproduction as respects the phy- 

 siological methods involved and the morphological character of the ele- 

 ments produced. 



28. Reciprocal integration or sexual conjugation, otherwise " fertiliza- 



