THE ECO LOOT OF PHAGES 347 



We may note here one of the few instances of a geographical distribution of 

 a phage. White (1937), examining a number of strains of F. cholercB, found a 

 certain phage in all strains isolated in India, but in none of several strains of Chinese 

 or Japanese origin. 



In the carrier state represented by a lysogenic strain (see Burnet 1934) it is 

 clear that the multiplication of phage and bacterium must be so co-ordinated that, 

 when a bacterium divides, each daughter cell receives its quota of phage. It has 

 in fact been shown (den Dooren de Jong 1931, Cowles 1931) that when a lysogenic 

 strain is a spore-bearer, the phage is present in the spore and in the new generations 

 that arise from it. It is also noteworthy that in such strains the phage appears 

 to share the heat resistance of the host, being relatively resistant in the spore, 

 and susceptible when in the vegetative cell. WoUman and WoUman (1939) 

 regard this fact as strong evidence for the bacterial origin of phage. 



One other aspect of the ecology of phages must be mentioned, namely, the 

 animal origin of phage. Certain workers concluded that the passage of various 

 bacteria through the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals results in the 

 appearance of phages not previously present either in the animal's intestine or in the 

 cultures administered. Neither Naito (1936), who worked with hens reared from the 

 egg on sterile diets, nor Glaser (1938), who used aseptically reared flies, could find 

 support for this notion. The recorded cases appear to have been due to insufficiently 

 sensitive methods for detecting phage. Ohashi (1939), for instance, obtained phage 

 more easily from the viscera than from the faeces or intestinal mucosa of mice. 



The possible relation of phages to bacterial infections in man and animals is 

 considered in Chapter 54. 



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