EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF GLANDERS IN ANIMALS 489 



external iiares. Death follows in 1 to 8 weeks, generally in the 3rd or 4th week. At post 

 mortem there is a local ulcer or scar ; the regional glands are swollen, and contain greyish- 

 white purulent masses. Abscesses are found in the skin, subcutaneous tissues and around 

 the joints. The lungs contain nodules, greyish-yellow and easily emulsifiable, particularly 

 under the pleura. In the spleen there are numerous submiliary nodules of a greyish-yellow 

 colour, projecting slightly above the surface. There are fewer nodules in the liver ; these 

 are more greyish-white in colour. The kidneys are free, but nodules may be seen in the 

 suprarenals. Small, greyish-yellow nodules are found in the testicles, or larger foci, 

 relatively firm with a caseous centre. The nasal mucosa is red and swollen, and may be 

 covered with friable caseous masses. In recent lesions the bacilli can always be found, 

 but in the older ones they are scanty. 



After intraperitoneal injection the testicles swell in 2 to 3 days ; by the 10th day they 

 are greatly enlarged ; death occurs in a fortnight as a rule. The testicular lesion—Straus' 

 reaction (Straus 1889a) — commences in the tunica vaginalis. The two layers of the serosa 

 are covered with confluent yellowish-white granules of pinhead size. On the 3rd or 4th 

 day the layers are united by a thick, purulent exudate rich in bacilli. The scrotal skin 

 becomes inflamed and adherent to the underlying tissues ; later ulceration occurs (see 

 Panisset 1910). After intraperitoneal injection of organisms of lowered virulence the 

 Straus' reaction may occur without death ensuing. 



Guinea-pigs have been infected by insufflation with powdered cultures (Babes 1891). 



Field Mice. — After subcutaneous inoculation these animals die in 3 to 4 days. Post 

 mortem, there is a greyish-green infiltration at the site of injection. The lymph vessels 

 leading to the enlarged glands are studded with little greyish-white nodules. The spleen 

 is greatly enlarged, and contains numerous yellowish-white nodules projecting slightly 

 above the surface. There are several tiny nodules in the liver. 



Wood Mice. — The wood mouse — Mus sylvaticus — is less susceptible than the field 

 mouse — Arvicola arvalis. After subcutaneous inoculation it develops a chronic disease 

 not proving fatal for 3 to 6 weeks. Post mortem, the spleen is enlarged, and contains 

 numerous pin-head, greyish spots or nodules ; sometimes there is a fibrino-purulent 

 exudate in the pleura, and enlargement of the lymphatic glands (Kitt 1887). 



Rabbits. — Subcutaneous inoculation causes a local ulcerating lesion and swelling of the 

 neighbouring lymphatic glands. If the animal is kiUed after a month, as well as the 

 glandular sweUing there may be a few greyish nodules in the lungs, and ulcers on the nasal 

 mucosa. After intravenous inoculation, numerous nodules develop in the spleen and liver, 

 but death may be delayed for some weeks. 



White Mice and White Rats. — These animals react to subcutaneous injection with 

 a rapidly retrogressive local abscess. Occasionally an animal dies after about 7 weeks, 

 and at post mortem shows caseous nodules in the spleen. Leo (1889) states that white 

 mice can be rendered susceptible to glanders by being fed on a diet containing phloridztn. 

 According to Sabolotny (1926), white mice are more susceptible than has generally been 

 believed. In his experiments, after subcutaneous inoculations with a pure culture, the 

 mice often died of an acute infection in 30 to 72 hours ; no macroscopic lesions were present 

 at post mortem, but the bacillus could be recovered from the organs. After subcutaneous 

 injection with glanders pus, they all died in 5 to 6 weeks of a chronic infection. Post 

 mortem, the spleen was much enlarged and was riddled with nodules of varying sizes ; 

 there were also a few nodules in the liver and lungs. 



Dogs and Cats. — After subcutaneous inoculation in dogs a local abscess occurs, followed 

 by ulceration ; the disease apparently remains localized (Galtier 1881). Acute fatal 

 glanders may follow intravenous injection of large doses of bacilli ; numerous small sub- 

 cutaneous nodules develop, and at post mortem lesions are found in the liver and spleen 

 (Straus 18896). 



Cats are more susceptible ; after subcutaneous inoculation a local lesion occurs followed 

 by death in 15 to 30 days ; at post mortem nodules are found in the internal organs. 



