728 SALMONELLA 



are uncommon in American ducks (Edwards and Bruner 1940a). Occasional strains fail 

 to form gas. 



Salm. typhi-murium is pathogenic for man as well as for animals and is the most frequent 

 cause of outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning. It commonly gives rise in man to an 

 acute gastro-enteritis, not infrequently fatal, but it occasionally causes a prolonged fever 

 of the enteric tjrpe. Although it has most often been recorded as causing epidemic disease 

 in mice and rats (see, for instance, Meyer and Matsumura 1927), it is naturally pathogenic 

 for many other animal species. In addition to causing infections in guinea-pigs and 

 parrots, it has been isolated from epidemics in sheep (Bruns and Gasters 1920, White 

 1929^, Lovell 19326), chicks (Doyle 1927, Edwards 1929, 1939), pigeons (Beaudette 1926, 

 Lesbouyries and Verge 1932, Cernaianu and Popovici 1933), turkeys (Rettger et al. 1933), 

 canaries (Beaudette 1926), and silver foxes (Benedict et al. 1941). In Germany, it is 

 by no means imcommon in cattle, in which it may cause severe enteritis (Liitje 1937, 

 Bartel 1938). It also causes infections in ducks, and has been isolated from ducks' 

 eggs (Scott 1932, 1933, Bailing and Warrack 1932, Lovell 19326), and from American 

 dried egg. It has been demonstrated in the mesenteric glands of normal pigs (Hormaeche 

 and Salsamendi 1936, 1939, Scott 1940, Varela and Zozaj^a 1942, Rubin et al. 1942), and 

 has sometimes been isolated from pigs that have died of swine fever (see Lovell 19326). 

 It may be responsible for enteritis in cats (van Dorssen 1937). 



Salm. Stanley A.F. IV, V, XII ... d ^^ 1, 2 . . . 



Isolated from cases of food poisoning, and examined by Schiitze (1920), Savage and 

 White (1925), White (1926), and KaufFmann (1931). (See also Boecker and Silberstein 

 1932, Kauffmann 1930«, 19.34«.) The partial antigens present in the specific phase are 

 d and dg, of which the d is shared with Salm. amersfoort, Salm. mnenchen, Salm. typhi 

 and Salm. gaminara. It is not known to be a natural pathogen of animals, but it has 

 been isolated from imported American spray-dried egg in Great Britain. 



Salm, heidelberg A.F. IV, V, XII ... r ^^ 1, 2, 3 . . . 



Isolated from a case of food poisoning by Habs (1933). (See also Kaiififmann 1934a, 

 Kauffmann and Silberstein 1934.) It has since been found in the mesenteric lymph 

 nodes of normal pigs in Mexico (Varela and Zozaya 1942). 



Salm. Chester A.F. IV, [V], XII . . . e, h ^^ e, n, x . . . 



Isolated by Grace of Chester from the fseces of patients suflfering from gastro-enteritis 

 in a mental institution, and described by KaufFmann and Tesdal (1937-38). Has since 

 been found in other European countries (Kaulfmann 1941). Has been isolated from 

 cases of infantile diarrhoea in Uruguay (Hormaeche, Peluflfo and Aleppo 1940), from cases 

 of gastro-enteritis in the United States (Bornstein, Saphra and Strauss 1941) and in 

 Panama (Edwards and Bruner 1943), and from the mesenteric nodes of healthy pigs in 

 Uruguay (Horinaeche and Salsamendi 1939). It is indistinguishable from Salm. san-diego 

 except in the /? phase, in which Chester is said to have the formula e, n, x, z^j, z^^, z^^ , . . 

 and san-diego e, n, z^g, z^^, z^g . . . 



Salm. san-diego A.F. IV, [V], XII . . . e, h < — > e, n, Zjg . . . 



Isolated originally from an outbreak of food poisoning. Described by Kauffmann 

 (1940r/). Also found in a case of enteritis in the United States, and in New York sewage 

 (Bornstein and Saphra 1942), in a healthy pig in Uruguay (see Kauffmann 1941), and 

 in fowls in the United States (Edwards and Bruner 1943). For differentiation from 

 Salm. Chester, see above. 



Salm. salinatis A.F. IV, XII . . . d, e, h < — > d, e, n, z^^ . . . 



Isolated from rat fseces near Salinas, California. Described by Edwards and Bruner 

 (1942a). Is antigenically complex, having d and e in both phases. By cultivation in 

 the presence of agglutinating serum to Salm. typhi the d antigen is lost from each phase, 

 and the organism becomes biochemically and antigenically indistinguishable from Salm. 

 san-diego. 



