DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES, GROUP G 731 



able to give rise to acute gastro-enteritia in man, since about 40 persons were taken ill 

 after eating a meat dish containing Salm. schleissheim, and the organism was isolated 

 from their faeces (see Kauflfmann 1941). 



GROUP C 



Salm. paratyphi C A.F. VIi, VI2, VII .. . [Vi], c ^-^ 1, 5 . . . 



Isolated from cases of enteric fever in man, mainly in Eastern Europe ; more recently 

 in British Guiana. It has received many other names and, in particular, is often referred 

 to as " Hirschfeld's Bacillus," or the " Eastern European type of Bad. paratyphosum C " 

 (see Weil 1917, Neukiroh 1918, MacAdam 1919, Mackie and Bowen 1919, Hirschfeld 1919, 

 Schiitze 1920, Dudgeon and Urquhart 1920, Andrewes and Neave 1921, Weigmann 1925a, b, 

 Iwaschenzoflf 1926, White 1926, Kaiiffmann 1931, 1934rt, Giglioli, 1930). Kauffmann 

 (1935a) demonstrated the presence of a_Vi antigen in some strains. Its apparent identity 

 with the Vi antigen oi Salm. typhi was shown by Kauffmann (1936a) and Rouchdi (1938). 

 The two antigens can, however, be distinguished by the bacteriophage technique (Scholtens 

 1937). The Vi antigen seems to play no part in determining the high pathogenicity of 

 Salm. paratyphi C for the mouse. Tliis organism is an important pathogen of man, giving 

 rise to enteric fever that is often associated with septic lesions. It is not known to be 

 a natural pathogen of animals. 



Salm. cholerse-suis A.F. VI^, VII . . . c < — > 1, 5 ... or 

 VI,, VII ... c ^^ 1, 5 . . . 



The American hog-cholera bacillus, isolated by Salmon and Smith (1885, 1886), from 

 the former of whom the name Salmonella is derived. Though hog cholera is now known 

 to be a virus disease (see p. 1963), Salm.. cholerce-suis is a common secondary invader in 

 this disease. It is probably the commonest salmonella found in pigs. Either in the 

 diphasic form or in the non-specific phase {kunzendorf variety), it has been isolated from 

 the mesenteric lym^sh nodes of apparently normal pigs in Great Britain by Scott (1940), 

 in South America by Hormaeche and Salsamendi (1939), in Mexico by Varela and Zozaya 

 (1942), and in the United States by Rubin, Scherago and Weaver (1942) and Edwards 

 and Bruner (1943). It is also commonly found in silver foxes (Benedict et al. 1941, 

 Edwards and Bruner 1943), and has been isolated from cattle (Liitje 1939). Occasionally 

 present in imported American dried egg. In the past it has been usual to refer to the 

 diphasic HjS-negative variety as the American type, and to the HgS-positive variety, 

 which exists in the group phase only, as the European or kunzendorf type. More extensive 

 observations, however, have rendered it doubtful whether this distinction should be 

 maintained. It is clear that their geographical relationship is subject to numerous excep- 

 tions, so that the names Em-opean and American had better be dropped. Whether the 

 two organisms should be awarded separate varietal names is less clear. Kauffmann 

 (1941) is in favour of abolishing the term kunzendorf altogether on the ground that numerous 

 workers have been able to demonstrate Phase 1 in kunzendorf strains by growing them 

 in immune serum. On the other hand, the two organisms usually differ in their HgS pro- 

 duction, and — what is probably more important — their natural pathogenicity. As Edwards 

 and Bruner (1943) have shown, Salm. cholerce-suis is far more invasive than the kunzerulorf 

 variety ; it can often be isolated from the heart blood of infected animals, whereas the 

 kunzendorf variety remains confined to the intestine or mesenteric lymph nodes. Both 

 organisms are closely related to Salm. paratyphi C ; they are distinguished from it by 

 their failure to ferment arabinose and trehalose, and to some extent by their lack of the 

 Vi antigen. Of their pathogenicity to human beings there is no doubt. Numerous 

 outbreaks of food poisoning have been ascribed to them (Clauberg 1931, Boecker and 

 Silberstein 1932, Kauffmann 1934a, 1941). A typhoid-like fever may result from infection, 

 sometimes complicated by pneumonia, arthritis, pmxilent meningitis, or bacterial endo- 

 carditis (Boycott and McNee 1936, Harvey 1937, Goulder et al. 1942, Schwabacher, Taylor 

 and White 1943). 



