736 SALMONELLA 



Salm. enteritidis has four fermentative varieties (see Table 46) : the original, gdrtner, 

 or jena variety, just described ; the danysz variety, sometimes kno^vn as the Ratin bacillus ; 

 the essen variety ; and the cluico variety. The danysz variety was isolated by Danysz 

 (1900) from an epidemic of mouse typhoid in field mice. The Ratin strain of this variety 

 was cultured from the urine of a sick child by Neumann in 1902 (see Report 1934, Kauff- 

 mann 1934a). Both the Ratin and the Liverpool " viruses " are prepared with this 

 variety (Leslie 1942). The essen variety was isolated from cases of gastro-enteritis in 

 man, from ducks, and from ducks' eggs by Hohn and Herrmann (1935a, h) and described 

 as Salm. rnoskau ; it is not to be confused with Salm. essen, which belongs to the B group 

 of Salmonella (see p. 729), nor with Salm. moscoiv (see below). The chaco variety was 

 isolated by Savino and Menendez (1934) from cases of continued fever in the Chaco war. 



Apart from the chaco variety, which has so far been met with only in man, the natural 

 habitat and frequency distribution of the other three varieties of Salm. enteritidis is 

 subject to doubt. So many workers who have isolated Salm. enteritidis from cattle, 

 horses, pigs, chickens, ducklings, rats, and other sources have failed to differentiate between, 

 or make no mention of, the different fermentative varieties that much of the available 

 information is difficult to interpret. The je7ia variety appears to be responsible for most 

 outbreaks of food poisoning due to Salm. enteritidis that follow the consumption of meat. 

 It does not, however, appear to be very common, and it constituted only 1-06 per cent, 

 of 1,690 Salmonella strains isolated from domestic animals commonly used for food (Barthel 

 1938). It seems probable, also, that it may give rise at times to purulent meningitis 

 (Guthrie and Montgomery 1939). The danysz variety appears to be predominantly a 

 parasite of rodents ; it has been isolated from silver foxes suffering from distemper or 

 paratyphoid (Benedict et al. 1941). Its pathogenicity for man has been disputed, but 

 a number of cases and outbreaks of gastro-enteritis in man have now been described in 

 which the causative role of this organism and its origin from rat " virus " are well estab- 

 lished (see Leslie 1942) ; some of the cases have proved fatal. The essen variety appears 

 to be characteristically a parasite of ducks (Jansen 1937), but is capable of giving rise 

 to acute gastro-enteritis in human beings. (For further information on the varieties of 

 Salm. enteritidis, see Kauflfmann 1941.) 

 Salm. dublin A.F. I, IX, XII . . . g, p . . , — . 



Sometimes known as the kiel variety of Salm. enteritidis. Isolated on several occa- 

 sions from calf diarrhoea and described under the name " paracolon bacillus," but not 

 adequately differentiated till examined by White (1930). (See also Warren and Scott 

 1930, Smith and Scott 1930, Stroman and Orn 1932, Kauffmann 19306, 1931, 1934a, 

 Bosworth and Lovell 1931, Boecker and Silberstein 1932, Hohn and Herrmann 1935a). 

 In Europe its principal habitat appears to be calves, less frequently older cattle. It is 

 very common ; for instance, it constituted 394 out of 456 Salmonella strains from cattle 

 studied by Liitje(1939) ; 314 of the 394 strains were isolated from calves or occasionally 

 foetuses, and only 72 from adult cattle. It formed 78-37 per cent, of Bartel's (1938) 

 series of 1,690 Salmonella strains isolated from domestic animals commonly used for food. 

 In the United States it seems to be found principally in silver foxes, and only seldom 

 in cattle (Edwards and Bruner 1943). It has been isolated from fowls suffering from 

 enteritis (Liitje 1937), and from the mesenteric lymph nodes of normal pigs (Scott 1940). 

 In man it may give rise to a continued fever of the enteric type (Smith and Scott 1930), 

 and sometimes to meningitis and cholecystitis (Guthrie and Montgomery 1939). As a 

 cause of acute gastro-enteritis in man it is less common than the jena variety of Salm,. 

 enteritidis, but it has been responsible for more than one milk-borne outbreak of the 

 acute food-poisoning t}^e (Conybeare and Thornton 1938, Tulloch 1939). In calves it 

 is responsible for enteritis (Bosworth and Lovell 1931) — the so-called calf-diarrhoea — but 

 in adult cattle it affects more often the udder, lungs or heart, giving rise to inflammation. 

 Chronic carriers are not unknown in cattle. In the past many strains of this organism 

 have probably been described as Salm. enteritidis. Two fermentative varieties have 

 been described, accra and koeln. Occasional variants fail to form gas. 



