738 SALMONELLA 



Salm. goettingen A.F. IX, XII . . . 1, v < — > e, n, z^j . . . 



Described by Hohn (1940) in Germany ; origin not stated, except that it was isolated 

 locally. Studied by Kaufifmann (1940c). 

 Salm. durban A.F. IX, XII ... a < — >■ e, n, z^s . . . 

 Salm. Panama A.F. I, IX, XII . . . I, v <— > 1,5... 



Isolated by Jordan (1934) from a food-poisoning outbreak. Studied by Kauffmann 

 (1934a, 1937a). Found by Schiflf (1938) in New York City in 4 cases of infantile diarrhcea, 

 2 of which proved fatal ; and by Schiflf and Strauss (19396) in three further infections, 

 one of which was in an adult. Isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea in Uruguay by 

 Hormaeche, Peluflfo and Aleppo (1940). Was responsible for 6-1 per cent, of 2,285 Salmon- 

 ella infections in the United States and Panama in which the causative organism was 

 studied by Edwards and Bruner (1943). It is found in animals, but its natural habitat 

 ia not known. Strains vary in their ability to ferment d-tartrate, and in the rate at 

 which they attack dulcitol. Occasional strains are said to form indole (Seligmann and 

 Saphra 1943). 



Salm. italiana A.F. IX, XII ,. . 1, v ^^ 1, 11 . . . 



Studied by Bruner (see Edwards 1945). 



Salm. claibornei A.F. I, IX, XII . . . k ^^ 1,5... 



Isolated from a patient suflfering from gastro-enteritis at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, 

 and described by Wilcox and Lennox (1944). 



Salm. gallinarum A.F. IX, XII . . . ^ . — . 



Isolated from fowls suflfering from fowl typhoid (Klein 1889). (See also Moore 1895, 

 Pfeiler and Rehse 1913, Pfeiler and Roepke 1917, White 1926, Kauffmann 1934a, b). 

 Diflfers from other members of Salmonella group in being non-flageUated and possessing 

 therefore only an antigen. Forms little or no gas from dextrose ; fermentation of 

 other sugars is relatively slow and feeble. Salm. gallinarum appears to be seldom patho- 

 genic to man, but a fermentative variant, known as duisburg, which fails to attack d-tartrate 

 or to produce HjS, may be responsible for cases of acute gastro-enteritis (see Miiller 

 1933, Kaufifmann 19346). A more important fermentative variant, often regarded as 

 a separate type and called Salm. pullorum, is responsible for the widespread disease of 

 chickens known as bacillary white diarrhcea. Whether this organism is antigenically 

 identical with Salm. gallinarnm is still under discussion. It was isolated by Rettger 

 (1900), and has been studied by numerous workers (see Rettger and Harvey 1908, Rettger 

 1909, Smith and Tenbroeck 1915, Gage and Martin 1916, Krumwiede and Kohn 1917, 

 Rettger and Koser 1917, Hadley et al. 1917, Mulsow 1919, Winslow et al. 1919, St. John- 

 Brooks and Rhodes 1923, White 1926, Kaufifmann 1931, 1934a, 6). Salm. pullorum diflfers 

 from Salm. gallinarum in producing gas in dextrose, and in failing to ferment maltose, 

 dulcitol, dextrin or d-tartrate ; it also grows more poorly. Hinshaw, Browne and Taylor 

 (1943), however, who studied 300 strains of Salm. pullorum, found that 43 strains produced 

 acidity in maltose in 24 hours, and that a further 158 produced some degree of acidity 

 within 4 weeks. Of the total 300 strains, 40 failed to produce gas in dextrose. It is 

 mainly a parasite of chickens, but has been isolated from sparrows (Calling, Mason and 

 Gordon 1928), silver foxes (Benedict et al. 1941), pigs, mink and man (Edwards and Bruner 

 1943), and also from imported American spray-dried egg. 

 Salm. napoli A.F. IX, XII ... 1, z^g < — > e, n, x . . . 



Salm. javiana A.F. [I], IX, XII ... 1, Zgg < — > 1, 6 . . . 



Isolated from faeces of a child suffering from gastro-enteritis in Batavia, and from 

 human carriers in Panama. Described by Edwards and Bruner (19426). Closely related 

 to Salm. panama, but differs in the specific phase. The Zjg antigen contains part of the 

 Zi3 factor of Uganda. Not to be confused with the Java variety of Salm. paratyphi B. 



Salm. canastel A.F. IX, XII . . . Zz^< — ^1, 6 . . . 



Studied by Bruner and Randall (see Edwards 1945). 



