248 BRAINS OF RATS AND MEN 



one memory may also be involved in a dozen other 

 memories, but linked in different patterns. 



This seems to be a plausible way of looking at the 

 organization of cortical patterns of association, and 

 it is as incompatible with any map of surface areas 

 to each of which some definite and circumscribed psy- 

 chological function can be assigned as it is with the 

 older phrenological maps of mental "faculties." It is 

 not incompatible with clinical maps of particular loci 

 whose injury produces some pathological disturbance 

 of particular associations, for association fibers of like 

 sorts or of related functions do apparently tend to run 

 in common fascicles. 



All of the telephone subscribers residing in some 

 one city block may be cut off by breaking some par- 

 ticular cable anywhere of its length or by wrecking 

 some particular section of the switchboard in the ex- 

 change, but we do not think of the process of normal 

 telephony as localized at the point where the damage 

 was done. 



The first serious attempt to determine by direct 

 observation the pattern of functional localization in 

 the brain was made by the founders of phrenology,^ 

 the value of whose pioneer work has since been sub- 

 merged in charlatanry (Elliot Smith, 1924, p. 138). 

 Long before the days of Gall and Spurzheim, even 



' F. J. Gall, 1825. Sur les fonctions du cerveau. 6 vols. Paris. See 

 also F. J. Pike, 191 2. A defence of the "new phrenology," Science, n.s.> 

 vol. 35, pp. 619-622. 



