CHx^PTER XVIII 



THE SOURCES AND ENDS OF 

 HUMAN EFFORT 



Mind is not the introduction of teleology into a non- 

 teleological worlds but a special instance of natural teleology. 



— F. J. E. WOODBRIDGE 



Intelligence is incarnate in overt action^ using things as 

 means to affect other things. 



— John Dewey 



SOME of the current discussions of purpose 

 seem to shoot wide of the mark, or else per- 

 haps they are shooting at very different tar- 

 gets. An approach to the subject from the biological 

 side by a biologist may help to clear the air and im- 

 prove the aim. Does a rat show purpose in running a 

 maze? This may be largely a matter of definition of 

 words. The term is commonly applied to certain hu- 

 man activities where the end toward which the act is 

 directed is consciously recognized. Let us start with 

 these human purposes. 



The human type of consciousness (which is the 

 only kind that I know anything about at first hand) 

 exhibits, among others, two characteristic features: 

 first, human thinking is symbolic; and, second, the 

 generalizations expressed by language and other sym- 

 bols may be so enlarged as to connote more extensive 

 uniformities of experience (laws of nature) which can 



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