158 The Molluscan Family Planorhidae 



The data for the specimens examined are as follows: ponsonbiji, from 

 lower end of Upper Klamath Lake, Klamath Falls, Oregon, collected by 

 Mr. and Mrs. J. Henderson, August 7, 1931; ten specimens dissected. 

 Jacksonensis, from Jackson Lake, at Moran, Wyoming, in shallow water 

 just above dam at very low water stage, collected by Mr. and Mrs. 

 Henderson, August 20, 1931; eight specimens dissected. 



Geographical Distribution. Carinife.v is a purely American group 

 found only in western America from California eastward to Wyoming. 

 Pilsbry believes that all of the described species and races of Carinifex 

 are subspecies of a single stock comparable to the subspecies of Helisoma 

 anceps (Menke). There are, indeed, comparable characteristics between 

 these two groups, although the anceps group is much more widely dis- 

 tributed, both in latitude and area, and is subject to more diverse cnvii'on- 

 mental influences than is Carinife.v. 



Species Considered as Valid. A careful study of all sj^ecics, many 

 specimens from the type lots, leads the writer to the following conclusion 

 concerning the specific range of the genus. There are doubtless anatomical 

 characteristics which separate some of the s))ecies as has been noted 

 in ponsoiibiji and jacksonensis. 



■Carinifex newberryi newherryi (Lea) Carinifex occidentalis Hanna 



Carinifex newberryi minor Cooper Carinifex ponsonbyi E. A. Smith 



Carinifex newberryi malleata Pilsbry Carinifex jacksonensis J. Henderson 

 Carinifex neivberryi subrotunda Pilsbry 



Geological Distribution. Pliocene to Recent fauna. The genus may 

 extend as far back as the Miocene period. 



Remarks. Carinifex has been thought to be closely allied to Helixoma 

 and Pilsbry states (1934, p. 48) that there is very little structural difference 

 between the two groujis. There are, however, characteristics of both shell 

 and anatomy which, in the judgment of the writer, are sufficient to mark 

 Carinifex as of generic rank. The ultradextral shell bears some resem- 

 blance to certain forms of typical Helisoma but the anatomy, especially 

 the genitalia, exhibits features of importance. The external penial gland 

 duct is shorter than in any form of Helisoma and is of different form. The 

 prostate, when seen in section, shows the diverticula to be formed in a 

 totally different manner from those of Helisoma. The musculature of 

 the penial complex is far more comjilex with two distinct retractor muscles. 

 The jaw is also of entirely different shape and nature. The radula teeth 

 have the mesocone as it is in typical Helisoma. The kidney is wdthout a 

 superposed ridge. 



By a ruling of the Liternational Commission on Zoological Nomen- 

 clature (Opinion 87), the name Carinifex of W. G. Binney has been ruled 

 out of systematic nomenclature because of its publication in what is termed 

 a '])roof sheet' and therefore not usable as a nomenclatorial reference. 

 Proof sheets are obviously not to be quoted as systematic references to 

 publication, but the example chosen to sustain this ruling was most un- 

 fortunate, since the publication in which the name Carinifex appeared 

 (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections), is an octavo pamphlet of twelve 

 leaves, printed on one side (the left) for corrections. This pamphlet was 

 widely distributed among conchologists and is even now available among 

 secondhand book dealers. The contention that this pamphlet is merely a 



