EARTfTQUAIvE OF T'EXTTfAL JAPAN, 1891. ;]4' 



VII. Concluding Remarks. , 



S[U':!kiriu- u-orier:il!_v, it mav 1)0 süid th-it all lar^'O (':n'tli(|iiakos are 

 a''C()iiij)a]iu'(l liy tlie formation of fissure.-*. Tlic oracks, fissures, and 

 slips formed at the time of enrMujuakes are oi" rnr/nns ii<itiir('s. and of 

 diffère til d'liiens/iiiis. Some oc(mr aloiii;- a road, oi' run near the up])ei' 

 edge of a ehlf. 'I'lie re-ison that ('ra<'ks slioidd lia\e oc(au"red in sudi 

 a position as tlie lattei- rather tl\an in otliers is prol)ahlv owinsj,' to tlie 

 greater motion at sueli a ])Ia.('e. (hie to the fu-e of the cliff l)cing un- 

 supported and with nothing opposed to its outward motion. Similar 

 i-emarks may he ap])lied to the l)anks of rivers and to ;dl dej>ressions, 

 whether natural or artificial, which ha\e a steee]> slope. At sueh ])laces 

 tlie waNCs of the shocking emerge on a free surface, tending to project 

 the su[)erfici:d parts away from those hehiîid, and thus i'orm a fissure 

 ])arallel to the free surface. 



]\[oreo\er. slips and fissures depend upon the slnielnre of ror/.'.s-, 

 and occur on a, ]^;u'ticularly grand sc:ile where the strata dip into 

 iW against the slope of the walls of a valley. V\\' ha\(' numerous 

 examples of this in all the side-valleys of the Xeo river, whicli run 

 parallel to the strike of a com])lex of clay-slates, sandstones, and horn- 

 sione-slates, thc^ main course of the river, as alreadv stated, heing 

 directed against the strike of the Paheozoic formations. This often 

 nfisled observers to see in the side-valleys the seat of the origin of 

 the earth(piake, hecau.e tlie sliocks were far more destructive iIum-c 

 than in other places. Hoirerer (jreal tlie deMrvcliou inis^ if uns HOlliimi 

 more ihmi the superßcial ep"ec(s of f]ie eaillniiiafe^ Imi iml the cause of ii. 

 There are other fissures, slips, and cracks of great geological im})ort- 

 ance, and of quite different origin, which should by no means be 

 confounded with tliose already mentioned ; as has unfortunately been 



