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AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 
187 
BIARUM (an ancient name of a plant). ORD. Aroidee. 
A genus of small, hardy, tuberous-rooted perennials, much 
more curious than pretty, allied to Sawromatum. This 
genus, according to Dr. Masters, differs from Arwm in its 
spathe being tubular at the base, with the limb spreading. 
The female flowers have a distinct style, and the fruit con- 
tains only one ovule. They will thrive in any light, rich, 
well-drained soil, and may otherwise be treated similar to 
the hardy Arums. ‘There are several other species besides 
those named, but they are not yet in general cultivation. 
B. constrictum (constricted), A synonym of B. tenuifolium. 
B. gramineum (grassy). A synonym of B. tenuifolium. 
B. tenuifolium (slender-leaved).* fl., spathe dark brown-purple, 
refiexed in the upper part; spadix very long, subuliform, June. 
l. linear-lanceolate. h. 6in. South Europe, 1570. Syns. B. gra- 
mineum and B. constrictum. (B. R. 512, under name of Arwm 
tenuifolium.) 
BIAURICULATE. Having two auricles. 
BIBRACTEATE. Furnished with two bracts. 
BIBRACTEOLATE. Furnished with two secondary 
` bracts. 
BICARINATE. Two-keeled. 
BICOLOR. Two-coloured. 
BICONJUGATE. Having two secondary petioles, 
each with a pair of leaflets. . 
BICORNUTE. With two horn-like processes. 
BIDENS (from bis, twice, and dens a tooth; in 
reference to the seed). Bur Marigold. ORD. Composite. 
A rather large genus of mostly hardy annual and perennial 
herbs, distinguished by the pericarp having from two to 
four rigid awns, which are rough with minute deflexed 
points. Involucre erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, 
parallel scales. Most of the species of this genus are of 
no merit as garden plants. Two are natives of Britain, 
viz., B. cernua and B. tripartita. They thrive in any 
ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the 
plant; or by seeds. 
ea (dark-bloody). /l.-heads black-crimson, very 
B. atro-sanguin 
freely produced. Late summer and autumn, Leaves pinnate. 
Root tuberous, h. 3ft. Mexico. (B. M. 5227.) 
B. ferulzefolia (Ferula-leaved). fl,-heads yellow. Autumn. 
Se ae k. 2ft. Mexico, 1799. Syn. Coreopsis ferulefolia. 
B. procera finely divided, 
ga a ons h to Bik Mexico, 1 
B. striata (striped). _l.-heads rather large, in a panicled leaf 
corymb ; ray florets white; disk yellow. L we 
glabrous. . A. 2ft. to 3ft. Autumn. Mexico. 
ternatel innated, 
3 (B. M. as) 
BIDENTATE. With two teeth. 
BIEBERSTEINIA (named after Frederic Marschall 
Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist, author of “Flora Taurico- 
Caucasica,” and other works). ORD. Rutacee. A genus 
of half-hardy herbaceous perennials. They thrive in a 
compost of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings, 
placed under a hand glass in early summer; or by seeds, 
sown in a slight hotbed in March or April. 
B. odora (sweet). jl. yellow; racemes terminal, 
entire. May. l. impari-pinnate; leaflets roundish, 
Plant beset with glandular hairs. k. lft, Altaia, 
A term applied to plants occupying two 
Ji.-heads yellow, 
perennial. 
simple ; petals 
a toothed. 
1837, 
g g one year, flowering, fruiting, and dying the 
next. Seeds of Aia Biennials are, as a rule, sown from 
To August, to flower the succeeding season, Tender 
ieties are sown in a frame or cool house, and kept there 
all winter, being transferred from the frames or houses 
to the open bordér, in June. Wallflowers, Foxgloves, 
Canterbury Bells, and Sweet Williams, may be taken as 
types of Biennials, although they often assume more 
æ Biennial character on light sandy soils. 
BIFARIOUS. Two-ranked; arranged in two opposite 
, 
“i 
iis: 
bi 
BIFID. Divided about half-way down into two parts; 
two-cleft. ii s 
BIFOLIATE. Compound leaves with two leaflets. 
E BIFRENARIA (from bis, twice, and frenum, a strap ; 
-in reference to a double strap or band, by means of which 
the pollen masses are connected with their gland). ORD. 
Orchidee. A genus of pretty stove orchids, allied to 
Mazillaria, and distinguished from it by having two frena 
or caudicles to their pollen masses. For culture, see 
B. aurantiaca (orange-coloured).* fl. orange ; lateral lobes of lip 
semi-cordate, middle one transverse, sub-undulated, callous at 
the base ; raceme erect. October. J. oblong, plicate. Pseudo- 
bulb roundish, compressed, two-leaved. ` in. Demerara, 
1834. (B. R. 1875.) 
B. aureo-fulva (orange-tawny). fl. orange, on long pedicels ; lip 
iculate, three-lobed ; ane aise Baay owacen. October. 
l. oblong-Ianceolate. _Pseudo-bulb roundish-ovate, wrinkled, one- 
leaved. k. lft. Brazil, 1840. á 
B. Hadwenii (Hadwen’s). jl. each nearly 4in. across; petals 
and papens żin. broad, yellow free» beautifully blotch 
mottled with a rich brown; lip large, above lin. broad, whi 
with striped spots of rose. June. J. ae. 
Brazil, 1851. “SYN. Scuticaria Hadwenii. ( 
B, H. bella (charming).* A new variety with 
whitish yellow outside, brilliant shining 
with a few spots, bars, and blotches of whitis 
lip wide, white, with one light bro 
one in front of the callus; radiating * 
lobes, and mauve ones on anterior lobe. ere 
H. pardalina (leopard-marked).* A very bes utiful isty, 
having sepals and petals with brown circles or polygonal figures 
on a light yellow ground ; lip light ochre-coloured at its basilar 
part, white in front, with radiating mauve-purple’ streaks. This 
variety is extremely rare. 
B. vitellina (yolk-coloured).* fl. yellowish purple; lip cuneate, 
three-lobed ; lateral lobes acute, crenulated; racemes drooping. 
July. 1, lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb ovate, bluntly angular, one- 
leaved. h.1ft. Brazil, 1838. 
BIFURCATE. ‘Twice-forked. 
BIGELOVIA (named after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author 
of “Florula Bostoniensis,’ &c.). ORD. Composite. A 
genus of hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs, or herbaceous plants, 
as now understood, comprising ‘several subjects formerly 
referred to Chrysothamnus, Linosyris, &e. Flower-heads 
disposed in corymbs; involucre imbricated, oblong, or 
campanulate; receptacle flat. . Leaves alternate, linear 
or lanceolate. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. 
Propagated by cuttings. - ee 
B. Howardii (Howard's). f.-hénds yellow ; involu 
low shrub. Syn. Linosyris Howardti. 
, 
țin. broads h. lłin. 
. M. 4629.) 
B. nudata (naked). /.-heads yellow. September. 
oblanceolate or linear. h. lft. to 2ft. New Jersey. 
B. paniculata cled -heads yellow, barely 4in. long, 
loosely panicled, : gnere Shrubby. 
ve-flowered. forni 
BIGEMINATE. Doubly paifed. 
fournefort, in compliment 
rian’ to Louis IV.). ORD. 
Bignoniacee. A large genus of scandent shrubs, 
furnished with tendrils; rarely erect trees or shrubs. 
Flowers axillary and terminal, usually panicled; corolla 
with a short tube, a campanulate throat, and a five- 
lobed, bilabiate limb. Leaves opposite, simple, conjugate, 
ternate, digitate or pinnatifid. These handsome plants 
are particularly suited for large houses, where, if well | 
grown, they give great satisfaction. 
BIGNONIA (so mgpa 
to the Abbé Bignon, libri 
in their culture is to obtain free and, at the same time, 
sturdy growth, giving due attention to training, pruning, 
&c., or the plants soon exceed all limits. Like all free- 
growing plants, Bignonias thrive best planted out in the 
borders of the stove or greenhouse, or out of doors, as the 
case may be; but the space allowed should be limited, in 
order to- restrict root production. They may either be 
trained to cover the back ve be planted in ae 
in front, and trained up the , or on Wires, arrange 
where most desirable. In summer, god = l the strongest 
shoots to w, training them so as to hi ut 
sunlight as possttile—which i absolutely necessary to well 
