230 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Cabomba—continued. 
multifid; floating leaves alternate, on long petioles, peltate, 
orbicular, entire. Guiana, 1823. Syn. Nectris aquatica. 
C. caroliniana (Carolina) is somewhat similar to C. aquatica. 
It isa native of the Southern United States. 
CACALIA (from kakalia, a name used by Dioscorides). 
ORD. Composite. A genus of hardy herbaceous peren- 
-nials, here treated as distinct from Senecio, of which genus, 
from a botanical point of view, it is but a section. Heads 
five to many-flowered; florets all tubular and perfect; 
scales of the involucre in a single row; receptacle naked ; 
pappus of numerous capillary bristles. For culture, see 
Senecio. 
C. atriplicifolia (Atriplex-leaved). fl.-heads white. August. 
l, lower ones triangular-kidney shaped, or slightly cordate; the 
upper rhomboid, toothed. Stem terete. A. 3ft. to 6ft. United 
States of America. 
©. hastata (hastate), f.-heads white, nodding, racemose. Au- 
tumn. l stalked, three-lobed, bastate, serrate. A. lft. Siberia, 1780. 
C. reniformis (reniform). fl.-heads white, disposed in large 
corymbs. August. J, dilated, fan-shaped, lft. to 2ft. broad, 
j repandly-toothed and angled, petiolate. 
angled. h. 4ft. to 9ft. New Jersey, 1801. 
C. suaveolens (sweet-scented).* fl.-heads white. Autumn. l. 
triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate ; those of 
the stem on winged petioles. Stem grooved. h. 3ft. to 5ft. 
North America, 1752. 
C. tuberosa (tuberous).* fl.-heads whitish. June. J. thick; 
lower ones lanceolate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long 
petioles; poper ones on short margined petioles, sometimes 
toothed at the apex. Stem angled and grooved. h. 2ft. to 6ft. 
North America. 
CACOUCIA (its name in Guiana). ORD. Combretaceæ. 
A small genus of stove twining or climbing shrubs. Flowers 
large, showy, racemose. Leaves opposite, oblong or ovate- 
elliptical. For culture, see Combretum. 
Stem grooved and 
disposed in long terminal racemes. May. l. ovate, acuminated, 
sor petiolate. Guiana. (A. G. i., 179.). A handsome stove 
CACTEZ. A large order of succulent plants, with 
remarkable spines clustered on the cylindrical, angular, 
two-edged, or leafy stems. Flowers very variable, showy 
or minute, usually solitary, sessile, rarcly in fascicles, ephe- 
meral; petals disposed in two or more series, hardly 
distinguishable from the inner sepals, and sometimes united 
with them; sepals numerous, united and adnate a great 
length to the ovarium. Fruit fleshy. one-celled.. many- 
seeded. Well-known genera are Cereus, Melocactus, 
Mammillaria, Opuntia, Pereskia, and Rhipsalis, 
CACTUS (from kaktos, a name used by Theophrastus 
to describe a spiny plant). This generic term is popularly 
applied to all members of the extensive family Cactee, 
which order may be distinguished by the following 
characteristics; Calyx composed of many sepals, usually 
indefinite in number, the inner series not readily dis- 
_tinguishable from the petals, united and adnate a great 
length to the ovary; with the tube smooth in the genera 
Mammillaria, Mek actus, and Rhipsalis; or with the lobes 
of the y ag the fruit, and having the tube scaly, 
ous, Opuntia, and Pereskia. Petals 
series, hardly distinguishable from 
omewhat united to them; sometimes 
in a long tube at the base, but 
in the genera Mammillaria, Melo- 
“Sometimes equal and distinct to the 
a rotate as in the genera 
Opuntia, Pereskia, and Rhipsalis. Stamens indefinite 
disposed in many series, more or less eohering with the 
_ petals or inner sepals; filaments slender, filiform ; anthers 
ovate, versatile, two-celled. Ovarium obovate, fleshy, one- 
celled. Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many seeded, either smooth 
and crowned by the calyx, or covered with scales, scars, or 
tubercles, and umbilicate at the apex. This order contains 
~ fleshy or succulent shrubs, very variable in habit and size. 
-Flowers very variable, showy, or minute, usually soli 
i B= re in fascicles, ephemeral, expanding 
night 
Leaves usually wanting, but, when present, ali, 
C. coccinea (scarlet).* fl. scarlet, alternate, bracteate at the base, 
_space will be occupied; at the same time, a great deal 
Cactus—continued. 
caducous, and terete, rarely flat and expanded, sometimes 
alternate and disposed in a spiral order, always glabrous 
and fleshy. Prickles or bristles disposed in fascicles, rising 
from the axils of the leaves. In the leafless genera, the 
fascicles of spines are disposed on the angles of the stem, 
rising from tubercles. Stems usually angular, winged, or 
regularly beset with tubercles, rarely terete, usually jointed; 
joints compressed. A group of Cacti is shown at Fig. 312, 
for which we are indebted to Herr Fr. Ad. Haage, jun., of 
Erfurt, Germany. See Cereus, Disocactus, Echino- 
cactus, Epiphyllum, Leuchtenbergia, Mammil- 
laria, Melocactus, Nopalea, Opuntia, Pelecyphora, 
Pereskia, Phyllocactus, and Rhipsalis. 
Cultivation. Perhaps no class of plants more easily 
accommodate themselves to a general system of treatment, 
than do these; although certain genera would undoubtedly 
thrive better than when subjected to the lower tempera- 
ture, suited to the requirements of those coming from cooler Bis 
regions. Notwithstanding that nearly all the species are i 
natives of the western hemisphere, they occur in various 
geographical and altitudinal areas, in which the tempera- 
ture is proportionately lessened or increased, as the case 
may be; yet, presuming a special house is set apart for 
their culture, the majority of ¿the species may be happily 
suited therein. The warmest end of the structure should 
be selected for the tropical kinds; while those found in 
cooler regions may be grown in the other portions of 
the house; even those which are hardy in our climate 
are really best wintered in a house or frame. Granted 
that several species will endure our winter outside, it is 
yet necessary to give them the shelter of a friendly ledge of 
the rockery, or frame, or to cover them in their permanent 
position with a hand light, or sheet of glass, in order to 
prevent the ill-effects of excessive moisture. Generally, a 
winter temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg., and a summer 
one of from 70deg. to 80deg. during shade, or in ie Er 
up to 90deg., will be found advantageous. When thus 
treated, it will be necessary to keep the tropical species, 
on the whole, very dry during the winter. As regards 
soil, potting, and general treatment, all may be treated 
alike, except Epiphyllum, Disocactus, and Pereskia (which 
see). Some growers give them the protection of a house 
in winter, and stand them outside during the summer, 
which is not, however, a very commendable plan, as, in 
consequence of the very variable character of our climate 
being especially prejudicial to several of the tender and 
more delicate species, the often excessive amount of =" 
moisture they would receive, will produce a weakly state 
of health in many, while others will be lost. It is far 
better if their culture is attempted at all, to give them the 
proper treatment. The numerous species and varieties 
found on the Rocky Mountains are a most interesting 
series, and may be well managed in a cold frame facing 
south, arranging them on shelves as close to _ A perdas 
possible, and keeping them very dry n : 
If the weather is very severe, the lights should be matted. 
One of the best collections of these in the country, is in 
the possession of E. G. Loder, Esq., Floore House, Weedon, 
Northampton, where a great number are admirably grown 
in frames, and under a large ledge of the rockery outside. 
Amatenrs may grow quantities of handsome Cacti either 
in dwelling rooms near the window, or in small frames 
or greenhouses. As they are slow growing, not much 
of interest will be centred in their culture. As regards 
watering and insect pests, they are but little trouble. 
Miniature Cacti, of numerous kinds, are now often sold in 
small pots, and most attractive little subjects they prove. 
Soil, Drainage, and Potting. Good ordinary fibrous loam 
should form about one-half of the compost, the other half 
should be made up of sand, broken bricks, and lime rubbish 
in equal quantities; the whole to be carefully mixed to- 
gether, and not used until it is moderately dry. It is 
