260 
THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
CANDOLLEA (named after Augustus Pyramus De 
Candolle, formerly Professor of Botany, at Geneva, and 
author of numerous botanical works). ORD. Dilleniacee. 
A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, 
natives of Australia. Flowers yellow, sub-solitary, at the 
tips of the branches; sepals five, oval, mucronate ; petals 
obovate or obcordate. They thrive in a compost of equal 
parts loam and peat, with which sufficient sand may be 
mixed to render the whole porous. Cuttings will root, if 
placed in a similar compost, under a hand glass; seeds 
are also sometimes obtainable. 
Fic. 357. FLOWERS AND BUDS OF CANDOLLEA 
CUNEIFORMIS, 
C, cuneiformis (wedge-shaped).* llow. July. l 
7 gage eee blunt een to gp “Sa th ce 
. See Fig. 357. (B. M. 2711.) 
C. Huegelii (Huegel’s). fl. at tops of the branch h 
leaves, on short sok Pg sepals acuminate, Bg naar Png 
longer than the petals. May. l. linear, qui 
when young. A. oft. 1837. 0 quite entire, villous 
C. tetrandra (four-stamened). fl. yellow, solitary; petals 
emarginate. June. l. oblong, te, too a 
(Be 1845, 50) g, cunea thed. h. 7ft. 1842. 
CANDYTUFT. See Iberis. 
CANE-BRAKEE. A common name for different species 
of Arundinaria. 
CANELLA (a diminutive of canna, a reed; in allusion 
to the rolled bark, like cinnamon). ORD. Canellacew. The 
best-known species of this genus is a very ornamental and 
economically valuable stove evergreen tree, which thrives 
in a mixture of loam and sand. Well-ripened cuttings, 
taken off at a joint, will root in sand, under a hand glass, 
with bottom heat, in April or May; but care should be 
taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves. Sweet 
says that large old cuttings are best. 
_ ©, alba (white).* 7. violet-colour, small, growing at the tops of 
branches in cluster, but upon divided Denun: L a eiei 
cuneated at the base, white, or glaucous beneath, some- 
= > coriaceous, sometimes full of pellucid dots. A. 15ft. The 
hole tree is y aromatic, and, when in blossom, perfumes the 
bourhood. flowers dried, and softened again in warm 
r, have a fragrant odour, nearly approaching to that of Musk. 
The leaves have a strong smell of Laurel. West Indies, &c., 1735. 
(T. L. 8. L, 8) z : 
CANELLACER. A Small order of West Indian or 
tropical American yar: allied to Bixinew, and 
from which it scarcely differs, except in having the albumen 
firmer, and with a smaller embryo. The genera are Canella 
and Cinnamodendron. 
CANESCENT. Hoary, approaching to white. 
& CANISTRUM (from canistrum, a basket; in allusion 
to the inflorescence resembling a basket of flowers), ORD. 
i Bromeliacew. Stove epiphytes, with showy inflorescence, 
and requiring the same treatment as Billbergia (which see). 
A * i 
x aa an mrka a = ered bracts scapes erect. ge Sao: w Sonic, 
ligulate-lora: icula! 
n eA is) » deflexed. Brazil, 1873. See Fig. 
Canistrum—continued. 
tue 
a a 8 
Met 
FIG. 358, CANISTRUM AURANTIACUM. 
. oi n (ivory).* jl. white, green, disposed in a depressed 
head, the white ovaries of which give an appearance as of eggs ina 
basket. May. 2l. tufted, mottled, the central ones cream-coloured, 
surrounding the flower-heads. h. 2ft. SYNS, Guzmannia ns 
and Nidularium Lindeni. Brazil, 1876. (B. H. , 13, 14.) 
C. roseum (rose-coloured). fl. white, green; bracts rosy. 1879, _ 
L : 4 
Fsrrognlaniy toothed.” Braai 1876 St Nidwarium tatfolum 
(B. H. 1874, 16.) ~ 
CANKER. This is a disease presenting very serious 
difficulties, principally in the cultivation of Apples and 
Pears. Both the-trees-and fruits, especially of some 
varieties, are, in many localities, so far injured as not to 
be worth cultivating. What causes the disease is not at 
all times known; indeed, it is, in most cases, but imper- 
fectly understood. Were the causes better known, the 
remedy might generally be much easier found. Some of 
the primary causes are cold and undrained soil, severe 
and careless pruning, extreme variations of temperature, 
and excessive growth, made late in the season, when it 
has not sufficient time to get well ripened. Trees that 
are badly Cankered may often be improved by lifting, and — . 
replanting in improved or better-drained soil. Immed 
the disease is detected in young trees, by the cracking 
of 
the bark or the skin of the fruits, measures should be 
taken to find the cause, if possible, and avert its progress. 
Some Pear-trees, in various localities, will not produce — 
fruit without Canker in the open garden, put they will a 
so when planted against a wall; and as such may ge i e 
very best varieties, trees should be placed in the latter 
position. The removal of large branches, late a spring, 
will sometimes produce Canker, ab the’ pori» where mu- 
tilation has taken place; and it ma, be cat k by P 
late pruning, which induces the growth of soft shoots tha 
are almost certain to be injured by severe frosts. The dif- 
ference in the seasons, as regards the amount of moisture, 
is one that can scarcely be provided against. One spring 
may be favourable to rapid growth, and the following may 
be most unfavourable, thereby arresting the natural flow 
of the sap until the latter part of the summer, when 
excessive growth will probably take place. Such checks 
invariably produce Canker. At times, the disease seems 
caused by the punctures of insects, in an early stage, 
on the stems or branches. In such instances, a thorough 
