226 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 
leaves partly united -below ; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff 
of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete, 
truncated. Pappus none. — A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with large 
sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary 
heads of yellow flowers, on long peduncles. 
1. T. helianthoides, L.— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
July. — Stems several, stout, 1°-1}° high. Leaves 4'—6/ long. Head 2/ in 
diameter. 
44. ECHINACEA, Monch. 
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, but sterile, drooping ; those 
of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated 
in three or more rows, spreading. Receptacle at length conical. Chaff of the 
receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short, 
4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus.— Perennial sparingly 
branched herbs, with alternate undivided 3 — 5-ribbed leaves, and large heads ter- - 
minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Rays red, purple, 
or white. 
* Rays elongated, purple or white. 
1. E. purpurea, Mench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches, 
smooth or hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough ; the lowest ones ovate, 
on long petioles; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3— 5 rows, ciliate ; rays 
about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves smooth; rays 
strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June-August — 
Stem 2°-5° high. Rays 2'-3' long. 
2. E. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, €n* 
tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole; scales of the involucre 
imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low 
barrens, Alabama, and westward. May-July. — Stem 19-39 high. Lowest 
leaves 1? long. ; 
* * Rays short, dark red. 
3. E. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap- 
pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest 
linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribbed ; the upper few and remote 
linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped, 
shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of the receptacle short-cuspidat® 
-about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed. — Low pine barrens, Geor- 
gia and Florida. June-August. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves }° long: 
Heads j' in diameter. Plant turns black in drying. 
BONS 45. RUDBECKIA, L. Nh 
: Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, PP—— 
; fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. - : 
