24 



THE SMALL FRUITS OF NEW YORK 



their full size the first year bearing large very characteristic foliage (in this state they are 

 called " turions " or " young canes "); in the second year short lateral branches appear 

 on them which bear flowers and fruits. The leaves on these flowering branches are always 

 much smaller. After flowering and fruiting these two-year-old canes die and are replaced 

 by other turions. The canes are either terete or angled, or angled and furrowed. In some 

 species the tip of the canes bends over, touches the soil, strikes root and gives rise to a new 

 plant. The leaves are alternate, either simple, lobed or pinnately or palmately or pedately 

 compound, mostly deciduous or in some species wintergreen or even evergreen. Petioles 

 and petiolules (or stalks of the leaflets) usually resemble the canes, i.e., are either glabrous, 

 hairy, glandular, bristly or prickly. Stipules are always present at the base of the petioles. 

 The flowers are always stalked and borne either solitary or racemose or panicled, 

 usually the lower flowers in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts. They are hermaphrodite, 

 i.e., with perfect stamens and styles. In some cases, however, they are unisexual, dioecious 

 or variously polygamo-dioecious. The hypanthium or the lower part of the calyx varies 

 from plane or rotate to saucer-shaped, hemispheric, campanulate, or turbinate. Calyx- 

 lobes or sepals valvate in bud, usuall}' s, but sometimes 6-S, sometimes unequal and the 

 larger ones with a prolonged somewhat foliaceous top. Petals as many as calyx-lobes, of 

 various size, white, rose, or pink colored. Stamens numerous, inserted densely on the 

 margin of the hypanthium and separated from the pistils by a disk; filaments filiform or 

 flattened, incurved in bud, erect or divaricate when mature. Pistils mostly numerous, 

 inserted on a convex, hemispherical, or conical receptacle or carpophore rising from the 

 center of the hypanthium and becoming either dry or fleshy; pistils laterally compressed, 

 with the style rising from the inner margin; stigma usually subclavate or slightly 2 -lobed; 

 ovules two, collateral, one of them abortive. In the fruit the pistils are transformed into 

 small, more or less juicy, and coherent drupelets, which either detach easily from the 

 receptacle (or core) as a thimble or cap (as in the Raspberries), or do not detach from the 

 fleshy core and fall off together with it (as in the Blackberries and the Dewberries), or 

 detach singly or become more or less dry, as in some species of warmer countries. The 

 fruits are usually red, yellow, or black, rarely green. 



Key to the Subgenera 



A. Small perennial herbaceous plants, with creeping stems or a creeping rootstock 

 and annual erect short flowering shoots 

 B. Flowering shoots from the rootstock 



C. Flowers dioecious (each plant with flowers either only with stamens or only 



with pistils) Subgen. I. Chamaemarns 



CC. Flowers hermaphrodite (or stamens and pistils in each individual flower) 



Subgen. V. Cylactis 

 BB. Flowering shoots or peduncles from stems 



C. Stems without prickles Subgen. II. Dalibarda 



CC. Stems prickly 



D. Stipules free Subgen. III. Chamaebatiis 



DD. Stipules attached to the petiole Subgen. TV. Cmnaropsis 



AA. Shrubs with erect, arching, scandent, procumbent or creeping stems (canes) which 

 persist at least for two years, unarmed or variously armed 



