319 



obliged to care for the trees at the Makiki Station until there is 

 moisture enough to warrant the planting of more trees. 



Very respectfully, 



David Haughs, 

 Forest Nurseryman. 



CARE OF THE HORSE. 



(Read before the Medical Association of the San Francisco Vet- 

 erinary College, 1818 Market street, San Francisco, Cahfor- 

 nia, by Student Robert Cilker, during 1911-12 session.) 



Sand Cracks. 



Sand cracks are classified according to their location. They are 

 called toe cracks when occurring in the middle line of the horn 

 of the toe, and a quarter crack when occurring in the horn of 

 the quarters. There are also sand cracks of the sole and of the 

 frog met with, but are not plentiful, and rarely serious enough to 

 cause much trouble. 



The toe crack is met with more often in the hind foot than in 

 the fore, while the quarter crack is met with more often in the 

 fore feet, and is here usually confined to the inner side. The por- 

 tion of the wall known as inside and outside of the toe is seldom 

 afi:"ected A crack is called complete when it extends from the 

 coronary margin of the wall to its wearing edge, and is incom- 

 plete when it is not so extensive. A simple crack is one that 

 occurs in the horn only and does not implicate the sensitive struc- 

 tures beneath. A complicated crack is one that is deep enough to 

 allow of laceration and subsequent inflammation of the sensitive 

 membrane ; such complications may vary from a simple inflamma- 

 tion set up by laceration, and irritation of the sensitive structures, 

 by particles of dirt and grit that have gained entrance through 

 the crack, to other and more serious changes in the shape of the 

 formation of pus. hemorrhage from the blood vessels, caries of the 

 cofifin bone, or there may be a tumor-like growth of the horn on 

 the inner surface of the wall. 



Causes of Quarter Crack. 



One of the causes of quarter crack is the faulty confirmation of 

 the animal, and T will take up this cause first. In the animal, with 

 turned out toes, more than a fair portion of the animals weight is 

 thrown upon the horn of the inner quarter ; here there are three 

 causes exerting their influence together. The horn is brittle, the 

 wall of the inner quarter is thinner than that of the outer, addi- 

 tional weight is placed upon it and fracture is hte result. Another 



