CONTENTS 



Page 



1 . I NTRODUCTION 3 



Origin of Life : 5 



The Sea as the Original Home of Life 7 



Comparison of Ocean, Freshwater, and Land 13 



2. ROUTES FROM THE SEA 17 



Beaches 1 7 



Estua ries .___ 22 



Pools, Swamps, and Marshes 32 



Subterranean Habitats 37 



Dilution and Salation 41 



Islands . 45 



Land Elevations 46 



3. CAUSES OF EMIGRATIONS FROM THE SEA 49 



Spreading 50 



Succession 51 



Segrega t i on 52 



Zonation and Stratification 54 



Food 56 



Respiration 58 



Rep rod uc t i on 6 1 



Sa f ety 64 



Toleration Ranges; Resistance 69 



Salinity 71 



Gravity and Molar Agents 79 



Tern pe ra tu re 82 



Water - 85 



Radiant Energy 89 



Food 91 



Conclusions 92 



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