HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 9 



Dr. MiddendorfF, in 1855 published a summary of 

 migration records for the Russian Empire, in which 

 he attempted to trace isepipteses^ or Hnes of simul- 

 taneous arrival, for individuals of the same species.' 

 Professor Palmen, in 1874,^ outlined many supposed 

 routes of migration in Europe, which led to con- 

 troversy on the subject with von Homeyer, who 

 combated some of his views. SeverzofF,^ in 1880, 

 prepared a similar treatise covering central Asia, 

 and Menzbier ^ wrote of routes of travel for Eastern 

 Europe. 



Bibliographical material dealing with the subject 

 after 1880 is so voluminous that space permits bare 

 mention of only a few authors. Among the most 

 famous records of migratorial phenomena are the 

 observations of Heinrich Gatke, covering fifty 

 years intensive study on the little island of Heligo- 

 land standing solitary in the North Sea. These 

 records, published first in German, were in 1895 

 translated into English,^ and stand as a classic on 

 the subject. Though modern naturalists do not hold 

 with some of Gatke's theories, his account is rich in 



^ Die Isepiptesen Russlands. Grundlagen zur Erforschung der Zug- 

 zeiten und Zugrichtungen der Vogel Russlands. St. Petersburg, 1855. 



' Im Foglarnes Flyttningvdgar. Helsingfors, 1 874. 



3 Bulletin de la Societe Imperiah des Naturalistes de Moscou (1880), 

 pp. 234-287. 



< Ibid. (1886), pp. 291-369. 



s Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory. Edinburgh, 1895; 

 pp. i-xii, 1-599. 



