i66 THE MIGRATIONS OF BIRDS 



North America is found in winter from Greenland 

 south regularly as far as Long Island. Its western 

 forms, the Aleutian sandpiper {Arquatella m. couesi) 

 and the Pribilof sandpiper {A. m. ptilocnemis)^ which 

 breed on islands in Bering Sea and the Northern 

 Pacific, come south only into southern Alaska. The 

 American woodcock (Ruhicola minor) ^ nesting 

 mainly in northeastern United States, winters in the 

 southern states largely east of the Mississippi River. 

 In South America there is a peculiar three-toed 

 sandpiper {Phegornis mitchelli)^ found at high alti- 

 tudes in the Andes, which seems to content itself 

 with a limited migration down into valleys; while 

 another, the so-called sociable plover {Pluvianellus 

 sociabilis)^ ranging near the Straits of Magellan is 

 not known to migrate at all. 



Among North American species of shore-birds 

 there are twenty-three forms which are found in 

 winter from our southern states south to South 

 America, four others which fly south through the 

 Pacific Islands, and ten, in addition to those already 

 mentioned, which retire wholly to South America 

 in winter. It is possible that this last number may 

 be increased to twelve, since the winter range of 

 the red and northern phalaropes is not certainly 

 known. 



The majority of our shore-birds nest in boreal 

 regions, and many seem to remain on their breeding 



