174 THE MIGRATIONS OF BIRDS 



it is common in walking along sea beaches for lips 

 and hands to receive a slight deposit of salt — a cir- 

 cumstance that must operate on the feathers of 

 birds as well as on the skin of humans. 



It has been my fortune to see wayfaring shore- 

 birds make a landfall after a long trans-ocean flight. 

 While cruising through the Leeward Islands of 

 Hawaii in 1923, I observed turnstones coming up 

 from the south, where the nearest land, in the Gilbert 

 or Marshall Islands, was a thousand miles away. 

 The birds usually arrived in early morning. On 

 one occasion in particular some turnstones came 

 beating up from the south at daybreak, flying low 

 in the trough of the waves to escape as far as pos- 

 sible the force of the wind. They seemed tired and 

 passed rather slowly toward low islands in the atoll 

 at Pearl and Hermes Reef a few miles distant. 



Africa, like South America, receives many mi- 

 grant shore-birds, as nineteen species that breed in 

 the far north come there regularly to winter. Many 

 others pass south through Asia to wintering grounds 

 among East Indian islands, or penetrate to distant 

 Australia. Northern shore-birds are found in 

 abundance in the Philippines and Celebes, and 

 Mathews records thirty species of this group that 

 winter more or less regularly in Australia. 



From this review it appears that many plover 

 and sandpipers that breed in Arctic regions winter 



