THE MIGRATIONS OF OTHER BIRDS 211 



siderable number banded returns have come from 

 comparatively near to where the birds were marked, 

 only a few having crossed to Ireland, and one to 

 the coast of France. Many have been taken in 

 winter in the same locality where they were banded 

 as nestlings. It appears then that northern starlings 

 are migrant, while those of more temperate climate 

 are usually resident. 



In the United States successful introduction of 

 the starling was made in two importations released 

 in Central Park in New York City, one of eighty 

 birds in April, 1890, and one of forty birds in March, 

 1 891. The point of origin of these is not definitely 

 known, so that it cannot be said whether they were 

 of migratory or non-migratory stock. It required 

 ten years for the starling to establish itself firmly 

 in New York City in the vicinity of Central Park, 

 but since 1900 the spread of the species has been 

 regular (see Fig. 7). In its dispersal the starling 

 seems to have been largely vagrant, though until 

 1 914 it remained in the main near the coast, and not 

 until 1 91 6 was there pronounced inland invasion. 

 Since that time it has moved rapidly westward, 

 until it has crossed the mountains with outpost 

 breeding colonies, and will unquestionably spread 

 rapidly through the Mississippi Valley. It is inter- 

 esting to note that until 1920 the distances travelled 

 north and south from the centre of original dis- 



