110 S. SCHEIDEGGER 



In all the cases observed the elastic membranes were split 

 off or interrupted. In the medium forms of atherosclerosis 

 yellow areas could be seen in the vessel wall and with increas- 

 ing age the disease became more severe. 



Wolkoff (1925) described a typical arteriosclerosis in a 40- 

 year-old parrot. Observations of arteriosclerosis in a 85- and 

 a 42-year-old parrot with severe atheromatosis are reported 

 by Nieberle (1931), Nieberle and Cohrs (1931), by Pallaske 

 (1930), and by Beneke (1931). In his thesis Fahr (1935) dis- 

 cussed arteriosclerosis in chickens. 



The comprehensive article written by Krause (1939) about 

 the pathology of animals states that the beginning of the aorta 

 is not the place of the primary degeneration. He found that in 

 most cases the principal seat of this disease was the part of the 

 aorta between the kidneys. He reported that in his observa- 

 tions atheromatous ulcerations could never be seen. The 

 intima was always intact, hardened and thickened by a 

 fibrosis. Inflammatory processes are not of importance. In 

 his opinion lipoidosis and sclerosis are two diff'erent processes. 

 He found the primary infiltration of fat in the aorta between 

 the kidneys, never in the aorta ascendens or in the arcus 

 aortae. Such forms of degeneration could be observed in 5 to 

 6-year-old poultry. A calcification could very seldom be 

 found. He suggests that only in some cases with avitaminosis 

 or hypervitaminosis can a primary necrosis produce small 

 calcareous deposits. 



Fahr (1935) suggests that no connexion exists between the 

 degree of the infiltration of fat and age. Sclerosis is, however, 

 a process that can only be found in advanced age. He was 

 never able to see a coronary sclerosis. In these studies of 

 arteriosclerosis in birds only one animal developed an arterio- 

 sclerotic disease of sufficient clinical significance to cause 

 severe functional disturbances. A vulture nearly 60 years 

 old developed an arteriosclerotic disease with such clinical 

 symptoms as can be found in man. The cause of death was a 

 diffuse vascular sclerosis. All the different stages could be 



