1919] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 



self feeding pigs resulted in more rapid gains from self feeding but at a small 

 financial loss, while with hand feeding there was a small margin of profit. 



Labor-saving in live-stock production (U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Sec. Circ. 122 

 (1918), pp. 14, figs. 7). — This circular presents a number of brief articles, each 

 by a different author, on the production of live stock as a means of saving labor, 

 and the possible saving of labor by the use of work stock and in the raising of 

 hogs, sheep, beef cattle, and poultry. 



Saving farm labor by harvesting crops with live stock, J. A. Drake (U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 1008 (1918), pp. 16, figs. 22).— This points out, largely 

 by pictures of actual farm practices, some of the advantages of keeping live 

 stock and of using hogs, sheep, and beef cattle to help harvest and market 

 farm crops. 



Studies in inheritance of certain characters of crosses between dairy and 

 beef breeds of cattle, J. W. Gowen (Jour. Agr. Research [U. S.I, 15 (1918), 

 No. 1, pp. 63, pis. 6, figs. 2). — This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the 

 inheritance of the more prominent characters in the first generation crosses of 

 the principal dairy breeds, Holstein-Friesian, Guernsey, Jersey, and Ayrshire, 

 on the Aberdeen-Angus, forming part of the crossbred herd being brought to- 

 gether by the Maine Experiment Station for the purpose of studying some 

 of the outstanding problems of dairy husbandry. Individual descriptions of the 

 animals in the parental and in the crossbred herd, and the individual records 

 of the animals composing both the parental generation and the first and second 

 filial generations are given. A list of cited literature is appended. 



A study of the inbreeding in the foundation herd is reported as showing that 

 the inbreeding as measured by the best mathematical methods is no greater 

 than would be expected to occur in any of the modern breeds when the animals 

 were selected at random. It is considered safe to assume, therefore, that the 

 results of the study are not due to the width of the crosses, as a number of the 

 animals famous in their breed have been far more inbred than any of the 

 parental stock used in these experiments. 



Black body color was found dominant to the other color in the first genera- 

 tion. The appearance in the second year of an orange-coated bull is explained 

 on the basis of a recessive dilutor in the Guernsey segregated out along with 

 the black color, and the appearance of a dark Jersey dun-coated heifer is 

 regarded as showing that the Jersey does not normally possess this factor. 



Of the white body markings the white in the inguinal region alone appeared 

 dominant. All other white markings were in general suppressed in the off- 

 spring when such animals were mated to solid color. The pigmented muzzle was 

 found dominant to the one not pigmented, and in accordance with previous 

 results it was shown that a pigmented tongue is dominant to a nonpigmented 

 one. 



A black switch appeared to cause the suppression of the other switch colors 

 in the offspring, and this together with the fact that all the matings had at least 

 one animal with a black switch as parent made it impossible to study the 

 behavior of the other colors. A deep red-orange switch was segregated out 

 from a back cross of a black animal carrying an orange coat and white switch, 

 genetically, thus showing the segregation of the factor for orange switch from 

 that for both white and black. 



With regard to the character of polledness, it is stated that two-horned 

 animals resulted from crosses of polled with horned parents. It is pointed out 

 that on the basis of the other results these could not have resulted from a 

 heterozygous polled condition. These cases, one with the horns tight and the 

 other loose, are looked upon as exceptions to the previously accepted hypoth- 

 esis of simple dominance for the polled character, and it is suggested that the 



