144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tVol. 40 



their action depending upon the number of times the factors appeared in the 

 i dosperm. Thus (assuming double fertilization) the presence of none to six 

 factors in the endosperm cells would give rise to a series of types grading from 

 hard (translucent) through alomst insensible degrees to completely soft 

 (opaque) grains. The genetic factors governing the appearance of yellow berry 

 have not been fully analyzed, but they are evidently distinct from those which 

 give rise to true softness and are said to be very sensitive to environic influences, 



"In spite of the strong regression from extreme selections, the almost per- 

 6 et uniformity of results from a Dumber of carefully controlled experiments 

 indicates that genetic factors, fur a greater <>r lees sensitivity, are inherited 

 as definitely as are other factors governing quantitative characters. The num- 

 ber of factors involved has uot been determined." 



Nematode galls as a factor in the marketing and milling of wheat, D. A. 

 Coi.kman and S. A. Regan (U. 8. Dept. Affr. Bui. 73.' t (1918), pp. 16, figs. 7).— 

 Preliminary observations are reported upon the present distribution, the in- 

 fluence apon market grade and milling quality, and the methods of control of 

 galls produced by the nematode Tylenchus trilici in wheat. 



"The trails ... in comparison with sound wheat are Irregular in shape, 

 shriveled, and wrinkled. Usually they are shorter and broader than sound 

 Wheat kernels, but Sometimes are equal in size, or again may be very narrow 

 and needlelike. Very small galls, the size of Wild buckwheat, are also found 

 frequently. It is not uncommon to Qnd several of them tightly cemented 

 together." 



The disease Is said to be established In certain sections of Virginia and has 

 not only reduced yields pes acre, but has also Beriously affected market grades 

 and the milling qualities of marketed wheat. The market grade is reduced 

 by a reduction in weight and by an increase in the amount of dockage, and 

 especially in the amount of foreign material other than • ■ in any given 



lot Of infected grain. Flour yields from infected wheat are reduced, and the 

 percentage of low-grade Hour and shorts is Increased. Ordinary wheat-cleaning 

 machinery is said to be unsuitod for removing these galls, althougb machinery 



for washing and drying wheat is expected to be successful. 



The best methods Of control are said to include crop rotation and clean - 

 The nematode larva- contained in the galls can be killed by the hot-water 

 treatment employed in the control of smut. The galls can also be floated 

 away from the sound wheat by means of water. 



Chemical analyses of nematode galls and sound wheat, by the Bureau of 

 Chemistry, and comparative milling and baking tests, by L, M. Thomas, at 

 the grain standardization, milling, and baking laboratory, at Fargo, N. 1 >ak., 

 are included. 



Have the farmers been given a square deal in the Federal standards for 

 hard red spring wheat? C -T. BraOT) (U. 8. D< i>t. Agr* Bur. Market! Sen: ami 

 Regulatory Announcement, No. 34 (1918), pp. 10).— This comprises a letter 

 written in reply to a communication from the Commissioner of Agriculture of 

 North Dakota, relative to the revised Federal standards for wheat, which 

 became effective July i"">, 1918. See also a previous article by Sanderson (E. 

 S. R., 39, p. 871 ). 



Federal grain supervision and the standards for wheat applied to 1917 crop 

 of hard red spring wheat, including comparison of present and revised ofli- 

 cial standards (/'. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Markets Serv. and Regulatory Announce- 

 ment, No. 86 {1918), pp. 1<>. fig*. 771.— This number includes primarily B n 

 detailed accounl of the Information noted above, together with a comports 

 of the previous and revised official standards. 



